Chromosomes and mitochondria

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Because human chromosomes in pairs?

Each pair of chromosomes is called. homologous chromosomes means that the same length and their centromeres are in the same situation that followed the same pattern of light and dark bands when displaying colors, and carry the genes of the same hereditary characteristics in line in the chromosome in the same order .

Among the 23 pairs of chromosomes, the male sex chromosomes, only because they are heterogeneous XY chromosomes, while females had a couple who are XX. Is the Y chromosome, which is of great importance to the genealogist, because, as one passes from father to son virtually unchanged, is a nickname for a signature or fingerprint that is sent in the same way in many cultures.

Now that you've learned something about human chromosomes, but chromosome not only documents containing DNA. Now, also known as mitochondrial DNA, which is essential for cell growth.

Mitochondria are small, ranging from 0.002 to 0.008 mm in length, where data can only be seen by electron microscopy. Mitochondria are the power in our cells to produce energy for the reaction and metabolism. Let me give an example in the role of mitochondria in human cells. When you eat carbohydrates, which break and finally converted into glucose. energy release from mitochondria of glucose to fuel cells.

Mitochondria contain a small amount of DNA used for the manufacture of thirteen of the proteins that are necessary for its business. Mutations in the coding region of the proteins in the mitochondrial DNA can cause a variety of diseases in humans, usually with neuromuscular dysfunction, or certain forms of diabetes.

Of interest to the genealogist (among others) is that all mitochondria come from a person of his mother. Although the sperm tail is full of energy for mitochondria his long journey to the tail of egg and sperm mitochondria in the design and not by the oocyte. That is why all mitochondria in the fertilized egg of the mother of one.

Each cell contains thousands of copies of mitochondrial DNA, but only a set of chromosomal DNA.

GM tomatoes are genetically engineered purple tomatoes

Scientists have grown genetically engineered purple tomatoes in an unusual effort to promote healthy eating habits. Tomato has two genes from the snapdragon flower to give a compound called anthocyanin (a chemical used to make pH indicator), the purple pigment found in high concentrations in fruits such as currants and expression blueberries.

Previous research has shown that anthocyanins protect against certain cancers, cardiovascular disease and degenerative diseases, and can also be a barrier to infection of obesity and diabetes. The study, published online Sunday in the journal Nature Biotechnology, published by the London-based Nature Publishing Group.

Researcher Cathie Martin John Innes Centre, a biotechnology institute in Norwich, eastern England, said the point behind the purple tomatoes was to strengthen health systems. Most people do not eat five servings of fruits and vegetables a day, but it may benefit those who eat more fruits and vegetables are so common in many bioactive substances will be developed.

After creating the purple tomatoes in the laboratory, the team tested the products on mice that were engineered to be susceptible to cancer. Rats fed high anthocyanin tomatoes showed a significant prolongation of life.

How to remove algae in your aquarium

Algae are an unwanted problem that may appear in your tank, if you do not mind. There are different types of algae, and each requires special treatment. First, decide which type you have. Most tropical fish tanks of algae, to some extent, but is considered shameful is when to go. Here are the steps required to remove algae in your aquarium.

Brown Algae

Brown algae are easy to detect. It seems unclear brown mud bottom and sides of your tank. Usually cling to rocks, gravel and decorations. Although the economy is not going to contribute to the lighting to get rid of this alga, here are some things you can do: To reduce the amount of protein in the aquarium: this means reducing the amount of food you feed your fish. These algae are stimulated by proteins, so read the instructions of their fish, so they have enough food without them.

Keep it clean: Clean the filter regularly and gravel and change water frequently.
American Flag Fish and Siamese algae eaters: This feed on algae, to buy some of these will clear your aquarium very quickly. Nitrate and phosphate: Make sure that the content of nitrates and phosphates are not too high.

Green algae
Although you can expect a certain amount of green algae in the aquarium is very easy to get paddling. Here are some steps that will help: Reduction of the protein in the tank: Reduce nutrients in your aquarium. By reducing the amount of fish you should pay attention to the appearance of the fish. Your body should be slightly rounded, thin, not flat. Buy a large quantity of algae eaters: We will do a good job of cleaning algae.

blue-green algae
blue-green algae is not really an algae, but a type of bacteria called cyanobacteria. It looks tacky and comes in various shades of blue-green. This can be very toxic to fish, so be careful to keep them under control.

Scoop: Most are suspended "plates" in the water. Removal is fairly easy, but be careful because it has a tendency to return. Block the light: Try this for a week and every day to remove the dead algae. Your plants will recover, do not worry if they are not very good.

Add new bacteria: Viewing these additional proteins and pellets bacteria to remove ammonia and water when using water.

Care: Clean regularly, make sure the filter is not clogged, and maintain the pipes. fluorescent lighting help create a good balance between plants and bacteria in your aquarium.

Green water
Green water is a specific type of algae floating in the water. It's so bad it can be difficult even for fish. Green because of the quality of your water or excess light (usually sunlight) of water.

Try the following:
Block the sun: the tank cover a few days a week. Use a fine strainer usually quite generic in the rough. Replaced by a thinner and keep it closed.

Keep the tank
Generally clean the tank regularly, change the water often and keep your aquarium in direct sunlight. These are just some good general preventive measures that are required for your tank without problems. It will take time and require attention, but with a tank of good health will be worth the effort.