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Showing posts with label Reasons. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Reasons. Show all posts

Friday, March 30, 2012

Biochemical Puzzles

Puzzle 1: Find seven hydrosoluble vitamins
N X S Y R F Q V W C B Y Q E R

N I L T O O H G O W I K W N Z

D K V L P S L C Y U O D N I L

E Q A A L R S Q W L T K L X V

N T V T L M A U I O I X K O G

O S T D K F N R N J N Y O D W

N A H Q S S O I F L X O H I I

F I D M K A M B R C Y M L R W

V Q A R H A M D I C K W U Y T

Q X V C L T W Y W R O X Q P Q

O A D A I T H I A M I N E T P

A F B Q Z N E Z T S V Q H Z V

P O S S N W A T Y M U U C M U

C B Q X T Z V B K X O G Q S W

P E W M X E J S F J P R H H Q



Puzzle 2: Carbohydrate Crossword

(Tip: save the crossword as a picture and print it. Then use a pencil to solve it) 
image









Across

3. Minor disaccharide that can be obtained from starch hydrolysis

5. The main kind of carbohydrate in foods. Also the way in which glucose is stored in plants.

7. The way in which glucose is stored in animals

12. The ketotriose

14. A ketohexose

15. Milk sugar

16. Pentose forming DNA

17. A polyalcohol related to the formation of cataracts in diabetic patients

18. An amino sugar

19. A tetrose

20. A polyalcohol related to the formation of cataracts in patients with galactosemia

21. C-2 epimer of glucose



Down

1. The lineal molecule found in starch granules

2. A heteropolysaccharide with anticoagulant effects.

4. A heptose

5. Table sugar

6. An aldohexose found in lactose

8. “Blood sugar”

9. An aldotriose

10. The branched molecule forming starch granules

11. Pentose forming RNA

13. Polysaccharide with a structural rol in plants

21. Main disaccharide obtained from starch hydrolysis



Puzzle 3: Organize the tiles!



When you organize these tiles, you will find a phrase describing a feature of biological catalysts, that in fact is common to all catalysts:



image





Puzzle4: Solve this amino acid crossword:



image ACROSS

1. amino acid positively charged at physiological pH
3. acidic amino acid
6. amino acid that can form disulfide bridges
7. aromatic amino acid
8. basic amino acid
10. polymer of amino acids
11. branched chain amino acid
12. amino acid with OH group in the lateral chain


DOWN

1. apolar amino acid
2. polar, non charged, amino acid
4. negatively charged amino acid at physiological pH
5. imino acid
9. the smallest amino acid





Puzzle 5: Find the names of ten carbohydrates:

image





Puzzle 6: Find the metabolites of the Krebs Cycle:



image 
SOLUTIONS

Puzzle 1:SOLUTION TO CARBOHYDRATE PUZZLE

GLUCOSE           GLYCOGEN           MALTOSE           RIBOSE

FRUCTOSE        ERYTHROSE         SUCROSE          GLYCERALDEHYDE

GALACTOSE       LACTOSE

image

Puzzle2: SOLUTION TO KREBS CYCLE METABOLITES PUZZLE:

SUCCINYLCOA                        SUCCINATE                          ALFAKETOGLUTARATE
MALATE                                    CITRATE                               FUMARATE
ISOCITRATE                            OXALACETATE                    ACETYLCOAA

image


Puzzle 3: Solution to the Tiles problem about biological catalysts

Organizing Tiles: Q: When you organize these tiles, you will find a phrase describing a feature   of biological catalysts, that in fact is common to all catalysts



Puzzle 4:  ENZ/YME/S D/O N/OT /CHA/NGE/ TH/E E/QUI/LIB/RIU/M O/F T/HE / REA/CTI/ ONS




Puzzle 5: Solution to:Find seven vitamins
 


BIOTIN

COBALAMIN

FOLATO

NIACIN

PYRIDOXINE

RIBOFLAVIN

THIAMINE
 

N + + + + F + + + + B + + E +

+ I + + O + + + + + I + + N +

+ + V L + + + + + + O + + I +

+ + A A + + + + + + T + + X +

+ T + + L + + + + + I + + O +

O + + + + F + + N + N + + D +

N + + + + + O I + + + + + I +

+ I + + + + M B + + + + + R +

+ + A + + A + + I + + + + Y +

+ + + C L + + + + R + + + P +

+ + + A I T H I A M I N E + +

+ + B + + N + + + + + + + + +

+ O + + + + + + + + + + + + +

C + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
 

(Over,Down,Direction)

BIOTIN(11,1,S)

COBALAMIN(1,14,NE)

FOLATO(6,1,SW)

NIACIN(1,7,SE)

PYRIDOXINE(14,10,N)

RIBOFLAVIN(10,10,NW)

THIAMINE(6,11,E)

Tuesday, May 24, 2011

What are omega-3 fatty acids

Definition
Essential for human health, omega-3 fatty acids are a form of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are produced by the body and must be obtained in the diet of a person.

Purpose
The consumption of foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids is part of a healthy diet and help people maintain their health.

Description
In recent years, much attention has focused on the value of a diet low in fat. In some cases. People in this opinion to the extreme by adopting a diet low in fat, or worse, a regime that has no fat, but the truth is that not all fats are bad. Although trans fats and saturated fats found in large amounts in red meat, butter, whole milk and some canned foods, have proven that the person's total cholesterol, polyunsaturated fatty acids may play a role in maintaining low cholesterol . Two are particularly good omega-3 and omega-6, which are polyunsaturated.

Two types of omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and decosahexaenoic acid (DHA), found primarily in fish from cold water and hydrocarbons, such as tuna, salmon, trout, herring, sardines,
bass, swordfish and mackerel. With the exception of algae, most plants do not contain EPA and DHA. However, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), another type of omega-3 fatty acids found in green leafy vegetables, flaxseed, fish oil, canola oil, nuts, beans and nuts, and soybeans. The enzymes in the body of a person can convert ALA into EPA and DHA, the two types of omega-3 fatty acids and used by the body.

Many experts agree that it is important for a healthy balance between omega-3 and omega-6 to maintain. As Dr. Penny Kris-Etherton and colleagues reported in an article published in the American Journal of Nutrition, excessive intake of omega-6 fatty acids results in a change in diet unhealthy American diet. The authors note that it was a 1:1 ratio of omega-3 and omega-6, is now estimated at a ratio of 10:1. This poses a problem, researchers said, because eating some of the benefits of omega-3 acids are denied by an excessive intake of omega-6 fatty acids. For example, omega-3 fatty acids, anti-inflammatory, while omega-6 fatty acids tend to promote inflammation. Oils, cereals, bread, margarine and vegetable oils such as corn, peanut and sunflower oil are examples of omega-6 fatty acids. In addition, people consume omega-6 fatty acids simply by eating meat from animals fed with grains rich in omega-6 fatty acids. Some experts suggest that drinking 1-4 times more omega-6 fatty acids omega 3, which is a fair share. In other words, often nutrition experts say the key to a healthy diet is moderation and balance.


The health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids

there is strong evidence that omega-3 fatty acids a person against atherosclerosis andtherefore against heart disease and stroke, arrhythmia, cardiac and sudden cardiac death, and possibly autoimmune diseases like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis protection issues. Indeed. The doctors Dean Ornish and Mehmet Oz, renowned heart specialist, according to a 2002 article published in the journal, the benefits of consuming adequate daily dose of omega-3 fatty acids may contribute to sudden cardiac death is reduced by almost 50 %. In fact, in an article in American Family Physician, Dr. Maggie Covington, assistant clinical professor at the University of Maryland, also emphasized the value of health and tocardiovascular omega-3 refers to a major clinical trial to date, the GISSI-Prevenzione, To illustrate his point of view. In the study, 11,324 patients with coronary artery disease into four groups: one received 300 mg of vitamin E, a group of 850 mg of omega-3 fatty acids was one group received vitamin E and fatty acids, and a control group served as . After a little over three years, "the group that the omega-3 had only a 45% reduction in sudden death and a 20% reduction in mortality from all causes" Dr. Covington.


According to the American Heart Association (AHA) and the omega-3 fatty acids can reduce heart disease is still under investigation. However, the AHA says that research shows that omega-3:

  • Reduce the risk of arrthythmias which can lead to sudden cardiac death
  • Decreased triglycerides  
  • To reduce the growth of atherosclerotic plaque 
  • Low blood pressure slightly
In fact, several studies have shown that a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids not only the bad cholesterol known as LDL, but also reduced triglycerides, the fatty substance that circulates in the blood. Interestingly, researchers found that cholesterol Inuit tend to be very good, despite the fact that they have a diet high in fat. The reason for this research found that diets rich in fatty fish are full of omega-3 fatty acids. The same has been said many times over the Mediterranean-style diet.

Are said to reduce inflammation in the joints, more omega-3 fatty acids have been the subject of numerous studies trying to validate its efficacy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to a lot of research on supplements of omega-3 fatty acids are clearly effective in reducing symptoms associated with rheumatoid arthritis, such as softness and stiffness. In some cases, reducing the amount of drug in patients with rheumatoid arthritis found.


More research is needed on the effectiveness of omega-3 to improve the treatment of eating disorders, the attention deficit disorder and depression. Some studies have shown that children with behavioral problems and ADHD is less than the normal amount of omega-3 fatty acids in their bodies. But until more data on these key areas to be a conservative approach, particularly when changes in the diet of a child. Parents should talk with your child's pediatrician to determine whether to add more omega-3 fatty acids to feed your child is eligible. In addition, parents of special care to avoid feeding their children fish rich in mercury. The list of foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids can be obtained from a nutritionist.


The mercury content and security

media attention focused on the high concentrations of mercury in some fish. People who deal with the content of fish consumption and mercury can consult public opinion on the subject published by the U.S. Organization and Drug Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency. special precautions for children and pregnant or nursing. They are informed about sharks, mackerel, swordfish and tilefish occur. However, both the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, stressed the importance of subsistence fishing. Fish, warn not to be removed from the diet. In fact, said Robert Oh, MD, in his 2005 paper, published in the Journal of the American Board of Family Practice "The potential health benefits of fish, women of childbearing age are encouraged to eat 1-2 meals of low-mercury fish a week. "


other security problems were also reported fish. In 2004, Hites and colleagues assessed the salmon organic pollutants in an article published in the journal Science. They concluded that farmed salmon had higher levels of public interest of polychlorinated wild salmon and a response from the American Cancer Society is desired. Fish farming in Europe is at higher levels of mercury in salmon in North America and South America, but American Cancer Society said the levels "of toxic Hites and his colleagues found in salmon is even lower than the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, which regulates food, sounds dangerous. "The American Cancer Society continues to promote a healthy and varied diet that includes fish as a food source.


The recommended dose

AHA recommends that people with two servings of fish such as tuna or salmon for lunch at least twice a week. A person with coronary disease, according to the AHA, should consume one gram of omega-3 fatty acids per day through food intake, preferably fatty fish consumption. AHA also says that "people with high triglyceride levels may be 2 to 4 grams of EPA and DHA in a daily supplement is a liquid orcapsule. Broken or crushed flaxseed can be easily incorporated into the diet of a person spray salads, soups and cereals.


Several sources, but here are some common examples:

  • 3 grams of pickled herring = 1.2 grams of omega-3 fatty acids 
  • 3 oz salmon = 1.3 grams of omega-3 fatty acids  
  • 3 ounces of halibut = 1.0 grams of omega-3    
  • 3 ounces of mackerel = 1.6 grams of omega-3
1 teaspoon 1 / 2 cup = 3 grams of flaxseed omega-3 fatty acids

Precautions

In early 2004, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration of the Environmental Protection Agency issued a statement that women who are pregnant or may be, and nursing mothers and children should avoid eating certain species of fish oil contains high levels of mercury. Fish in general, high levels of mercury are swordfish, shark and mackerel, and shrimp, canned light tuna, salmon and catfish are generally low in mercury. How many people go fishing as a hobby, she must be secured before eating fish caught by family and friends to the stream or lake is considered low in mercury.


There is conflicting information, if it is safe for patients with macular degeneration in omega-3 fatty acids taken in supplement form. Until more data become available, it is preferable for people with macular degeneration associated with its omega-3 fatty acids to receive the food they eat.

Side effects
The fish oil supplements can cause diarrhea and gas. The fish oil capsules tend to have a taste of the fish.


Interaction
Although no significant drug interactions associated with the consumption of foods containing omega-3 fatty acids, patients treated with anticoagulants should not omega-3 supplements without consulting your doctor. Can cause excessive bleeding. For the same reason, some patients requiring more than 3 grams of omega-3 fatty acids in supplement form must seek prior approval from your doctor.

Thursday, March 18, 2010

Some Useful Downloads for CSIR-UGC-NET preparing students

· IIT JAM Previous Year Papers

· CSIR NET JRF Paper -2 Sample Question Paper (PDF format, 85 kb)

· IISc Entrance 2006 Question paper

· IISc Entrance 2008 Question Paper

· Download DBT JRF: Tips and tricks, how to prepare- class recording(16.39 MB, .exe format, requires adobe flash player)

· Download DBT JRF: Tips and Tricks, How to prepare Powerpoint(2.85 MB, PDF format)

· Download GATE Tips n Tricks eBook - Part 1

· CSIR NET JRF Subjective question Paper

· Special Class by Shikha Sinha: Part 2- 22nd march 2009

· Special Online Class on Molecular Biology Tools and Techniques - Class Recording - Conducted by Mrs Shikha Sinha for CSIR NET JRF Students ( 21.6 MB)

· GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS ( GMOs) & ENVIRONMENT

· CANCER TREATMENT BY HUMANIZED ANTIBODY

source: biotecnika.org

Check your Life Science knowledge with this Test in CSIR-UGC-NET

 

Just Click “Click Here” link and give ur name & Email ID. this test help by biotecnika.org

Test 1
Generalised full syllabus test on all india basis
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Test 2
Generalised full syllabus test on all india Basis
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Test 3
Cell organisation,Chromosomes,DNA-structure and replication,Evolution, RDT and genetic engineering

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Test 4

  • Proteins-
    • structure,
    • classification &
    • properties,
  • Carbohydrates,
  • Fat metabolism,
  • Nitrogen metabolism
  • Vitamins
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Test 5

  • Enzymes,Coenzymes (Activators,Inhibitors)
  • Thermodynamics
  • Enzyme Kinetics
  • Enzyme activity regulation
  • pH (H.H Equation)

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Test 6

  • Nucleic Acid Structure
  • Genetic code
  • DNA Repair
  • DNA replication
  • Transcription
  • Translation

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Test 7

  • Cell division
  • cell organelle
    • structure
    • Function
  • Cell cell Interaction
  • Structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell

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Test 8

  • Bioenergetics,
  • glycolysis,
  • oxidative phosphorylation,
  • coupled reaction,
  • group transfer,
  • biological energy transducers

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Test 9

  • Amino Acid Metabolism
  • Cordinated control of metabolism
  • Biosynthesis of Purines & Pyrimidines
  • Oxidation of Lipids
  • Biosynthesis of Fatty acid, Triglyceride, Phospholipid and Sterol.

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Test 10
Cancer: Genetic rearrangements in progenitor cells, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cancer and the cell cycle, virus-induced cancer, metastasis, interaction of cancer cells with normal cells, apoptosis, therapeutic interventions of uncontrolled cell growth.
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Test 11
COMMON ELEMENTRY COMPUTER SCIENCE: dealing with basic computer awareness and uses
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Test 12

  • Principals and applications of Gel Filtration
  • Ion Exchange and affinity Chromatography
  • Thin layer and Gas chromatography
  • HPLC
  • Principals and applicationsNucleic Acid Hybridization and cot curve
  • Sequencieng of Proteins and nucleic acid
  • Southern, South-western, northern blotting
  • PCR

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ALL THE BEST

Source: biotecnika.org/net-jrf-coaching

Tuesday, March 16, 2010

How do NADP+ and NADPH differ from NAD+ and NADH?

 

These pairs of molecules are identical except for the presence of a phosphate group at the 2′ position on the ribose moiety. This is not a high-energy phosphate but rather a molecular tag that enables enzymes to discriminate between the two forms of redox compound. In higher animals there do not appear to be any NADH transferase enzymes that catalyze direct transfer of hydrogen atoms from NADH to NADP+ or from NADPH to NAD+.


NADH and NADPH are equivalent in terms of their standard redox potentials, but because redox enzymes are usuallyselective for one or the other of them, two distinct pools of reductants exist. NADH is used as a source of reducing equivalents for the electron transport chain (ETC) while NADPH provides reducing equivalents for many biosyntheticreactions. Hence, even within a single spatial compartment such as the cytoplasm, the NADH to NAD+ ratio can be very low, favoring oxidation of fuels, while simultaneously the NADPH to NADP+ ratio can be very high, facilitating biosynthesis.

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

How Much Sleep Do We Need?

The amount of sleep each person needs depends on many factors, including age. Infants generally require about 16 hours a day, while teenagers need about 9 hours on average. For most adults, 7 to 8 hours a night appears to be the best amount of sleep, although some people may need as few as 5 hours or as many as 10 hours of sleep each day. Women in the first 3 months of pregnancy often need several more hours of sleep than usual. The amount of sleep a person needs also increases if he or she has been deprived of sleep in previous days. Getting too little sleep creates a "sleep debt," which is much like being overdrawn at a bank. Eventually, your body will demand that the debt be repaid. We don't seem to adapt to getting less sleep than we need; while we may get used to a sleep-depriving schedule, our judgment, reaction time, and other functions are still impaired.

People tend to sleep more lightly and for shorter time spans as they get older, although they generally need about the same amount of sleep as they needed in early adulthood. About half of all people over 65 have frequent sleeping problems, such as insomnia, and deep sleep stages in many elderly people often become very short or stop completely. This change may be a normal part of aging, or it may result from medical problems that are common in elderly people and from the medications and other treatments for those problems.


Experts say that if you feel drowsy during the day, even during boring activities, you haven't had enough sleep. If you routinely fall asleep within 5 minutes of lying down, you probably have severe sleep deprivation, possibly even a sleep disorder. Microsleeps, or very brief episodes of sleep in an otherwise awake person, are another mark of sleep deprivation. In many cases, people are not aware that they are experiencing microsleeps. The widespread practice of "burning the candle at both ends" in western industrialized societies has created so much sleep deprivation that what is really abnormal sleepiness is now almost the norm.

Many studies make it clear that sleep deprivation is dangerous. Sleep-deprived people who are tested by using a driving simulator or by performing a hand-eye coordination task perform as badly as or worse than those who are intoxicated. Sleep deprivation also magnifies alcohol's effects on the body, so a fatigued person who drinks will become much more impaired than someone who is well-rested. Driver fatigue is responsible for an estimated 100,000 motor vehicle accidents and 1500 deaths each year, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Since drowsiness is the brain's last step before falling
asleep, driving while drowsy can – and often does – lead to disaster. Caffeine and other stimulants cannot overcome the effects of severe sleep deprivation. The National Sleep Foundation says that if you have trouble keeping your eyes focused, if you can't stop yawning, or if you can't remember driving the last few miles, you are probably too drowsy to drive safely.

Monday, March 8, 2010

Kidneys and Distilled Water

Distilled Water

Water, bottled water, flavored water, spring water, Man we can take anything in this country and market the poop out of it, but what are the facts when it comes down to Health. I only know what I read and Distilled Wateris the best. Why? Here are the top three processes in water quality:

Distilled water - has virtually all of its impurities removed through distillation. Distillation involves boiling the water and then condensing the steam into a clean container, leaving nearly all of the solid contaminants behind. Distillation produces very pure water but also leaves behind a leftover white or yellowish mineral scale on the distillation apparatus, which requires that the apparatus be frequently cleaned.

Double distilled water - is prepared by double distillation of water. Historically, it was the standard for highly purified laboratory water for biochemistry and trace analysis until combination methods of purification became widespread.

Deionized water - is water that has had its mineral ions removed, such as cations from sodium, calcium, iron, copper and anions such as chloride and bromide. Deionization is a physical process which uses specially-manufactured ion exchange resins which bind to and filter out the mineral salts from water. Because the majority of water impurities are dissolved salts, deionization produces a high purity water that is generally similar to distilled water, and this process is quick and without scale buildup. However, deionization does not significantly remove uncharged organic molecules, viruses or bacteria, except by incidental trapping in the resin. Specially made strong base anion resins can remove Gram-negative bacteria. Deionization can be done continuously and inexpensively using electrodeionization.

Distilled water should ideally be nothing but hydrogen and oxygen molecules, with a PH level of 7 and no additional gases, minerals or contaminants.The biggest argument, which I agree, is loss of minerals. Anytime I suggest distilled water to anyone I always advise them to supplement with minerals. This seems a small price to pay for having chemical free water.

The other issue we have with any liquid is plastic, the container and heat. Studies have shown that toxins and gases leech into the water when the plastic is warm. Glass is preferred but impractical for travel, the following plastics are tested safe:

· Polypropylene, designated "#5 PP"

· High-density polyethylene, designated "#2HDPE"

· Low-density polyethylene, designated "#4 LDPE"

Bottled water, purified water, filtered water all fall into another class and in some cases tap water is just as good. Remember, when drinking distilled water, especially for long periods, take mineral supplements to replace whats been depleted.

Symptoms of Kidney Problems

clip_image002

So why all the fuss about water? It goes in it comes out, but the Kidneys have to deal with the filtering of water and liquids. The following aresymptoms of kidney problems:

Chronic Kidney Disease Symptoms

Kidneys disease may progress without symptoms for a long time until only very minimal kidney function is left. Kidney disease can affect the body in many different ways. Symptoms vary greatly. Notably, most patients have no decrease in urine output even with very advanced chronic kidney disease.

· Fatigue and weakness (from anemia or accumulation of waste products in the body)

· Loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting

· Need to urinate frequently, especially at night

· Swelling of the legs and puffiness around the eyes (fluid retention)

· Itching, easy bruising, and pale skin (from anemia)

· Headaches, numbness in the feet or hands (peripheral neuropathy), disturbed sleep, altered mental status (encephalopathy from the accumulation of waste products or uremic poisons), and restless legs syndrome

· High blood pressure, chest pain due to pericarditis (inflammation around the heart)

· Shortness of breath from fluid in lungs

· Bleeding (poor blood clotting)

· Bone pain and fractures

· Decreased sexual interest and erectile dysfunction

Besides the common urine tests the following blood tests are done:

Creatinine and urea (BUN) in the blood

Estimated GFR

Electrolyte levels and acid-base balance

Blood cell counts

Anything we can do to take the stress of our kidneys, such a simple change as distilled water should be considered. Natural cures are always best, research from Italy has shown vitamin C and vitamin E can reduce kidney cancer risk by over 40%. A Homeopathic Doctor should be consulted to make sure you have the right balance of supplements for your system.

Is Bottled Drinking Water Safe?

One question that's coming up more and more is, is bottled drinking water safe? The answer in the majority of cases seems to be No. To explain this lets look at the water first.

Case studies show that most bottled water is just tap water filtered. This doesn't filter out certain chemicals like chlorine. Also, microscopic metallic particles can bypass filter units and end up in the bottled water. In fact, there was a high school project where a student did an analysis of toilet water verses bottled water, you already know the results, the toilet water was cleaner.

Bottled Drinking Water Container Safety

The bigger issue with bottled water is the containers. Plastics are categorized by number. A thick #7 plastic container is proven safe for storing water, the other lower numbers are not.

Most bottled drinking water containers are those thin cheap plastic ones. There are a couple of issues with this. The packaging, storage and transportation of these bottles are unknown until they reach the store shelves. These pallets of drinking water could have been sitting in the heat, which creates leakage of toxic chemicals used in the manufacturing of the plastic bottles.

If your lucky enough to still get a clean bottle of water, then your own habits of leaving your water out in the sunlight still poses a risk of leakage.

Using a #7 plastic container, stainless steel or glass is recommended for transporting water when you go out and about. It's inexpensive and any way you can reduce toxins from entering your body should be considered

Tuesday, March 2, 2010

Chocolate Addiction | Are You A Chocoholic?

 

image

Are you addicted to chocolate? I was, well I still am. My name is Hope, and I'm a chocoholic. You never really reform from being a chocoholic, it is something you carry with you every day of your life. As you walk to work and see candy for sale in the shop windows.

As you go to the supermarket and toss up whether or not to go into the confectionery free checkout aisle, an aisle designed just for weak minded people such as yourself who are unable to restrain themselves from grabbing handfuls of chocolate bars if they are presented with them at the checkout. Chocolate is everywhere. It is insidious. It stalks among us, a bringer of calories and a harbinger of cellulite.

You don't need to be obese or even overweight to be a chocoholic. Chocoholism is described by the professionals (me and my cat, Mittens) as feeling the need to have some chocolate every day.

My descent into chocoholism started early in childhood when my father would give us a little piece of chocolate every day for being good and not burning the house down. I soon became used to a constant stream of small sweet treats doled out for all manner of achievements, from not seriously maiming my younger brother, to not thieving anything from the teacher's desk that day.

Slowly, but surely I began to perceive chocolate not as an occasional treat, but as a part of every day diet.

I didn't realize that I had a problem until my boyfriend asked why I had to eat chocolate every day. Yes, he actually did that. When the crying had stopped and ice packs had been liberally applied to areas that needed them, I thought about what he had said in slightly less homicidal terms. Perhaps he was right.

Perhaps chocolate actually isn't one of the recommended five daily fruits and vegetables. Perhaps its not really a necessity. Perhaps it's not a cure all for PMS, stress, and the decline of Western society. I know that scientists have discovered that chocolate releases endorphins, but I'm pretty sure calling Simon Cowel at 4 am in the morning and verbally abusing him for an hour would also release a lot of endorphins. We cannot assume that things are good for us just because they make us feel good.

When I started confronting my chocoholism, I realized that chocolate had a hold on me. The idea of not eating any of it for a month or more was truly horrific. Now, people say that chocolate is fine in moderation, but the logic centers of my brain considered the possibility that having to have chocolate on a regular basis, even in moderation counts as addiction.

I wouldn't panic at the idea of not having a carrot for a month, but the idea of not having a bar of chocolate for four long weeks send my adrenal system into overdrive and made me want to start stockpiling cocoa supplies like a frightened republican engaging in a run on 50 caliber bullets.

I then noticed that chocolate is deceptively more-ish. One piece is not enough. One piece always leads to another until I start to feel slightly sick, which thanks to weird biochemistry is after one 55 gram bar of chocolate. That's the only thing that stopped me from ballooning into a large ball of chocolate fed lard, the fact that my body starts to reject sugar after just a few doses of it.

As a society, we love chocolate. But does chocolate truly love us, or is it the sinister companion of middle age spread, the gradual loss of mobility and physical agility and the beginning of the dreaded end?

Monday, March 1, 2010

WHY MEAT IS A VERY DANGEROUS FOOD?

image

deadly Reason #1:

FULL OF CHEMICALS

Eating meat has been often called “eating on the top of the food chain. In nature there is a long chain of eaters: plants “eat” sunlight, air and water; animals eat smaller animals.

Now all over the world, fields are being treated with poisonous chemicals (fertilizers and pesticides). These poisons are retained in the bodies of the animals that eat plants and grasses.

For instance, fields were sprayed with the insect killing chemical DDT, a very powerful poison which scientists say can cause cancer, sterility and serious liver disease.

DDT and pesticides like at are retained in animal (as well as fish) fat and once stored, are difficult to breakdown. Thus as cows, eat grass or feed, whatever pesticide they eat are retained, so when you eat meat, you are taking into your body all the concentrations of DDT and other chemicals that have accumulated during the animal’s lifetime.

Eating at the “top” end of the food chain, humans become the final consumer and thus the recipient of the highest concentration of poisonous pesticides, in fact, meat contains 13 times as much DDT as vegetables, fruits and grass.

The IOWA State University once performed experiments which showed that most of the DDT in human bodies come from meat.

Deadly Reason #2:

FULL OF DISEASES

The poisoning of meat does not stop here. Meat animals are treated with many more chemicals to increase their growth, fatten them quickly, improve their meat colour, etc.

In order to produce the most meat at the highest profit, animal are forced-fed, injected with hormones to stimulate growth, given appetite stimulant, antibiotics, sedatives and chemical feed mixtures.

Many of these have been found to be cancer causing chemicals, and in fact many animals die of these drugs even before they are led to slaughter.

As farms have evolved into animal factories, many animals never see the light of day, their lives are spent in cramped and cruel surroundings (they never get exercise or fresh air).

Such unnatural practices not only unbalance the body chemistry of the chickens and destroy their natural habits, but unfortunately, also result in the growth of malignant tumors and other malformations. In the U.S., Where 70% of cattle are given antibiotics, even with large scale usage of antibiotics to suppress Disease, the U.S. Dept of agriculture records state that millions of pounds of meat that came from animals contains tumors.

Transferred to meat eaters

The tumors and growths may go undetected or simply ignored by the meat producers are inspectors. Often, if an animal has cancer or tumor a in a certain part of its body, the cancerous part will be cut away and the rest of the body sold as meat.

Worse, the tumors themselves will be incorporated into mixed meats such as hot dogs and labeled “parts”. In one area of America, were there is routine inspection of slaughtered animals, 25,000 cattle with eye cancers were sold as beef!

Scientists have found experimentally the liver of the deceased animal is fed to fish, the fish will get cancer.

Deadly Reason #3

FULL OF ANIMALS BODY TOXIN

Just before during the agony of being slaughtered, the biochemistry of the terrified animal undergoes profound changes. Toxic by-products are forced throughout the body, thus poisoning the entire carcass

According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, body poisons, including uric acid and other toxic wastes, are present in the blood and tissue.

"Protein obtained from nuts, pulses (lentils, pens, etc.), grains and dairy products is said to be relatively pure compared with beef which tests of 56% impure water content."

Just as our bodies become ill during times of intense rage or fear, animals, no less than humans, undergo profound biochemical changes in dangerous situations.

The hormone level the animals blood especially the hormone adrenaline changes radically as they see other animals dying around them and they struggle futilely for life and freedom.

These large amounts of hormones remain in the meat and later poison the human tissue. According to the Nutrition Institute of America, the flesh of an animal carcass is loaded with toxic blood and other waste by-products.

Deadly reason # 4

FULL OF DECAY

Raw meat is always a state of decay. As soon as an animal is killed, denatured substances, called ptomaines are formed.

These ptomaines, are formed. These ptomaines that are released immediately after death give animal flesh, fish, and adds a common property-extremely rapid decomposition and putrefaction.

Meat passes very slowly through the human digestive system, which is not designed to digest it. It takes me about 5 days to pass out of the body. (as a post a vegetarian food, which takes only 1 1/2 days.)

During this time, the disease causing products of decaying meat are in constant contact with the digest if organs. The habit of eating animal flesh in its characteristics state of decomposition creates a poisonous state in the colon and wears out the intestinal tract prematurely.

Deadly Reason #5

FULL OF BACTERIA

Full of bacteria the E coli 0157, a strain of life-threatening bacteria that can cause body diarrhea and dehydration, is naturally present in the intestines of a cattle. During or around the crossing sign, a fecal matter can come into contact with the beef and contaminate it. It gets package anyway and get shipped to your supermarket. And the U.S. for example, ground beef products have been found to be contaminated with bacteria. In May last year, some 1.1 million pounds of ground beef that caused 22 illness in Minnesota and the potential for more illnesses in 14 other states were recalled.

The products were believed to have been contaminated with E coli 0157 according to the U.S. National Centers for disease control in me 2001 report, both E coli and salmonella combines to sicken at least 113,000 people annually.

The very young and elderly, along with those who have compromised immune systems, are considered more susceptible to E coli related illnesses.

Cooked meats, even if all done, dangerous to

Meets that are barbecued of cooked at high temperatures create the following two types of chemicals that may increase your risk a breast stomach and colorectal cancers.

HCA (heterocyclicamines) are created by cooking meat at high temperatures. Barbecuing, like broiling and pan frying, produces more HCA's than cooking a cooler temperatures does. (baking and roasting requires less heat). Researchers have found that small amount of HCA's are also produced in meats that have been cooked until they are well done.

PAH's (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) are deposited on your food by the smoke and flame created by fat dripping onto hot barbecue coals.

Deadly Reason #7

FULL OF FATS AND CHOLESTEROL

Study after study clearly demonstrates that beef, pork, poultry and lamb, even the untainted by disease, contain massive amounts of saturated fats (factory farmed animals may have up to thirty times more saturated fat) and cholesterol, thus helping to clog arteries, hospitals and cemeteries worldwide.

This is regular meat-eaters live shorter lives. In a worldwide study, it has found that the Eskimos, Greenlanders and the Russian Kurgi tribes had the highest intake of flesh foods. These groups had a lowest life expectancies - in some cases averaging as low as 30 years.

In comparison, population such as the Pakistan Hunzas, east Indian Todas, Russian Caucasians and the Yucatan Indians live under harsh conditions and eat little or no animal flesh. These populations have the highest life expectancies, as high as 90 to 100 years.

The Hunzas eat almost no animal products, living a vigourous life into their 80's and beyond retirement to unknown, and many pass their one 100th birthday.

Deadly Reason # 7

FULL OF GENETICALLY ALTERED SUBSTANCE

Animals raised for meat today may not have genetically modified (yet), but they would have been affected by genetic tampering. In the U.S. for example, virtually the entire genetically modified maize crop and large percentage of soya and potatoes are fed to farm animals.

Genetically modified products can cause allergies (skin rashes, nausea and respiratory problems). In severe cases, anaphylactic shock and death occur.

It has been hypothesize that are harmful effects of such American modified foods could be passed on a far more concentrated form to humans (as in the case of pesticides) in contaminated meat type vegetarian-type foods.

(a plant based diet has a far lower concentration of pesticide residues then meat. This is because pesticides accumulate as one organism is eaten by another. When a cow eats grass, or is fed maize, the pesticides inside these foodstuffs are largely retained in a concentrated form in her body fat.

They are then passed on to people in the same concentrated form, when they eat the animals flesh or drink it milk. Even if farm animals were not fed pesticides directly, harmful residues still accumulate in their body fat as result of " environmental contamination".)

Even processed meat products may be affected. Last March, it was discovered that kellogg's made veggie corn dogs sold in the U.S. Contained a variety of genetically engineered corn.

Saturday, February 27, 2010

Why Indian Peoples are not getting Nobel Prize in Science?

There are so many brilliant scientists in our country but none of them had won Nobel Prize. At
present Biotechnology in India is in very bad condition. We can be one of the Biotech centre in the World. We have Brain, Money, Facilities and more than 200 Research Institutes for  biological or Life Science only but still we are waiting for this excellent Prize. And the bad news could be for us that there is no chance in near future that any one from India will get Nobel Prize. We don't have such quality in research and infrastructure that we can win Nobel Prize.

If you ask any PG student for any great Scientist or Biotechnologist in India, possibly he/she have any answer. No one Scientist in India had done any great work that he or she can come in Limelight. DBT and our Scientific community should do something for this. We had tried to assemble the possible reasons from the suggestions of various Indian People. The possible reasons are here.

Research Institutes / Organization / Academic institutions:


1. There is no noble work is going on any Research Institute of Nobel Prize level. Most of the Research Institutes are doing work based on the work which is already done.

2. Basic researches are coupled with advanced targets and are not focused, thus lacking
Noble Prize Quality.

3. Our Research Institute does not concentrate on basic and fundamental research which is use full for day to day life.

4. The top research institutions are infected with Hierarchy and Bureaucracy (Govt. and Publicly funded institutes and laboratories) which does not allow individual and brilliant scientists to grow independently and do what they want to do.

5. Failure of the organizations to create a working environment, which is competitive in positive terms.

6. At research organizational levels, wastage of money and time on internal politics than allowing research workers to work.

7. In most of the organizations, administration is being looked after by the administrators, at the cost of suppressing many qualities and ultimately morale of the scientific workers.

8. In research institute the environment is not so good that we do not generate original
ideas.

9. Funding for a new idea is limited and possibly system can not justify the new idea.

10. Our peers many times do not accept entirely new idea.

11. We are too bothered to see if the idea is acceptable to others

12. The top academic institutions in India cater to teaching and do not promote research to acceptable levels.

13. We have already so many private organizations. They are organizing various programs and Training but their main aim is get funds from DBT.

 

Scientists


1. Older generation try to take credit from the work and ideas generated by younger generation.

2. Harassment by senior colleague, who never wants junior to achieve anything.

3. Research Jealousy in Scientists.

4. The scientists are emphasing on publication rather than the useful output. In many research institute most scientists are pasted front page of their publication in their notice board. But they are very far from any useful patent.

5. More publication by any scientist are thought more effectiveness so that in most places (seminar and conferences and guest lecturers) in their introduction one line is common that he/she have already published this much papers in national and international journals. It does not matter whether this have a valuable or not.

6. Lack of integrity of scientists.

7. The lack of cooperation and coordination between the group of scientists, if they really work hard by putting their all efforts in their work unitedly, definitely they can achieve.

8. Some Scientist live life comfortably and happily, some have no new Idea, some are enjoying their power.

 

Peoples


1. People are not thinking to take research as carrier.
2. Brain drain- Most of the PhD students after submitting there thesis go to abroad for PDF. The best of them are absorbed there it self.
3. People engaged in research do not want to shift to other organization having appropriate infrastructure for insecurity in terms of loosing earlier good & permanent jobs.
4. Lack of creativity in earlier generations. Most of the students are creative only in childhood but on PG almost creativity lost due to our education system. Our Education system is not such that it enhances creativity.
5. Most Students are studying to earn money. After doing PG most are searching job and are not trying to clear NET for Research.
6. Peopleıs mentalities are not to be a scientist or not to make their child a scientist. If you ask any PG student for any Scientist or Biotechnologist of India, possibly he/she doesnıt have any answer. No one Scientist in India had done any work that he or she can come in  Limelight.
7. Most times we only consider thoughts and materials of foreigners better than our ones. If somebody between us does some innovative work, we will not give him equal importance as we give to foreigners doing the same things.

Government / System


1. Our system does not appreciably identify brilliance and creativity early on in the career of an individual researcher/scientist. Example. Noble Literate Hargobind Khurana.
2. Due to Poor infrastructure and delayed implementation of funds most of interest in research is lost.
3. The weaknesses in India's research system due to which the real talents of the peoples get lost in the useless exercises and it never comes to the surface.
4. No proper Infrastructure, encouragement and freedom.
5. We donıt get the facilities as well as environment to conduct the research.
6. Most of the appointments are made on extraneous considerations and not on merit.
7. Lacking of easy access to appropriate infrastructure
8. No such incentives or Promotion in job.
9. The ultimate democracy and freedom of speech and thought does not exist in reality in institutions.
10. No serious intensions from the Government to search out and promote REAL talents.
11. Too much of interference in academic/scientific institutes by politicians.
12. The government is not that much encouraging the research like the foreign countries
by granting the funds they need.
13. Our country has a large problem of unemployment and most of the people go for good job instead of research.
14. Present system is full of bias, politically motivated and seeks more number of publications. The recognition of quality publications is name sake in individual promotion and selection.
15. Most scientists on top faculty lack in vision, devotion and attitude for consists basic research.
16. Scientist wants to enjoy power either as director, DG or president, the scientist really doing best remains on very low profile.
17. Our system can possibly recognize intelligency but not intellectuality.

We need your valuable comments and suggestions on it.

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