House made hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium hypochlorous acid

This experience, I tried today and was very successful. These are chemicals that I find in my kitchen - baking powder, sodium chloride, acetic acid.

I want to hypochlorous acid, but this acid is very difficult to obtain in pure form for me to become contaminated. First, get a bucket of water and add as much as possible until the sodium chloride is no more, can be solved faster results. Then connect the positive of the battery in a carbon rod and negative for the carbon rod. We use carbon (graphite), and it does not break in electrolysis. (IMPORTANT: Make sure the two carbon rods are not connected, a short circuit be dangerous, the car battery is capable of producing 30 amps of current if you do not realize how strong it is).

Now add a membrane (paper) between two electrodes. Be sure the water does not deviate from left to right; otherwise the experience will be a complete failure. After this step, place the electrode and the electrolysis started. If you want more salt, electrolysis done to remove sodium chloride.

After the experiment, to create an equivalent amount of fluid from the right side of the membrane and the membrane is left without any alteration of the water. Pour the solution into the right place for container and the container is left to the left. In the positive electrode. The uptake of oxygen and chlorine gas, chlorine reacts with water to form hydrochloric and hypochlorous acid (chlorine weak acid) to form. Great, you've done to make a mixture of hypochlorous acid solution.

If you want to make hydrochloric acid, hypochlorous acid, put the mixture in the hot sun, and now produces hydrochloric acid, oxygen gas, but the output to the environment.

The other side of the electrode to produce caustic soda, which can be used in many chemical reactions or react with the acid to form sodium chloride.

What if no one in his membrane electrolysis. You get NaOCl (alkaline solution) or NaOCl3 if temperatures exceed 40 degrees Celsius. Using a pH indicator Cool, we show that all these chemicals are produced correctly.

Also sodium carbonate by heating sodium bicarbonate. Besides heating to about 1000 degrees Celsius to obtain sodium. We also have sodium acetate or sodium IUPAC name.

Chromosomes and mitochondria

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Because human chromosomes in pairs?

Each pair of chromosomes is called. homologous chromosomes means that the same length and their centromeres are in the same situation that followed the same pattern of light and dark bands when displaying colors, and carry the genes of the same hereditary characteristics in line in the chromosome in the same order .

Among the 23 pairs of chromosomes, the male sex chromosomes, only because they are heterogeneous XY chromosomes, while females had a couple who are XX. Is the Y chromosome, which is of great importance to the genealogist, because, as one passes from father to son virtually unchanged, is a nickname for a signature or fingerprint that is sent in the same way in many cultures.

Now that you've learned something about human chromosomes, but chromosome not only documents containing DNA. Now, also known as mitochondrial DNA, which is essential for cell growth.

Mitochondria are small, ranging from 0.002 to 0.008 mm in length, where data can only be seen by electron microscopy. Mitochondria are the power in our cells to produce energy for the reaction and metabolism. Let me give an example in the role of mitochondria in human cells. When you eat carbohydrates, which break and finally converted into glucose. energy release from mitochondria of glucose to fuel cells.

Mitochondria contain a small amount of DNA used for the manufacture of thirteen of the proteins that are necessary for its business. Mutations in the coding region of the proteins in the mitochondrial DNA can cause a variety of diseases in humans, usually with neuromuscular dysfunction, or certain forms of diabetes.

Of interest to the genealogist (among others) is that all mitochondria come from a person of his mother. Although the sperm tail is full of energy for mitochondria his long journey to the tail of egg and sperm mitochondria in the design and not by the oocyte. That is why all mitochondria in the fertilized egg of the mother of one.

Each cell contains thousands of copies of mitochondrial DNA, but only a set of chromosomal DNA.

Liver is an important organ in the human body

The liver is an important organ in the human body. Aside from creating functional molecules and chemicals for the body, it also removes compounds that could possibly poison other organs. Understanding the liver's functions will help prevent liver ailments by learning how to eat better to protect the liver and avoid disease




The Facts
The liver is the biggest organ in the human body. It is found in the right upper section of the abdomen and extends to the top of the diaphragm. The top part is beneath the right lung, the left end is under the heart, the left bottom side is above the stomach, and the right bottom side is above the gall bladder and right kidney and is protected by the right rib cage. Its color is reddish brown and it has a smooth texture. It has four lobes. The liver is larger when the human body is in its infancy stage and reduces in size as the body grows older. It weighs in at 1.2 to 1.5 kg in the female body and 1.3 to 1.6 kg in the male body.

Function:
The liver's function in the human body is to help break down and distribute nutrients in food. Medicine and alcohol are also processed by the liver so that toxins can be removed. The liver produces many chemical compounds that help in various bodily functions, some of which are to help blood to clot, maintain the glucose level in blood by breaking down and transforming glucose into glycogen, and regulating levels of amino acids, the building blocks of protein.

Significance:
The human body cannot function without the liver since it is responsible for many of the processes that the body needs to survive. One major function of the liver is to treat everything that is ingested and produced by the body and turn it into useful chemicals that aid other organs in maintaining the human body's functions. Byproducts that are not needed by the body are turned into waste and excreted.

Considerations
Medications and alcohol have a strong effect on the liver's health. A perfectly functioning liver means that all the organs in the human body will operate just as well. Alcohol abuse and prolonged intake of certain medications change the liver's metabolism and will affect its functions, possibly leading to liver diseases like cirrhosis, hepatitis, liver cancer or Wilson's disease.

Prevention
Drink plenty of fresh water throughout the day to help the liver do its job. Add more fruits and vegetables to your diet and give your liver a rest from red meats and processed food. Eat only fresh food and avoid food that has been reheated more than once. The liver weeds out any bacteria ingested through food intake, and too much harmful bacteria may cause liver damage. Avoid excessive intake of alcohol or avoid it altogether to prevent damage to the liver.

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Intermediary Metabolism Notes for Students

Metabolism Cellular Metabolism, Inborn Errors in Metabolism

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Glycolysis, Glycolysis, Glycolysis & Gluconeogenesis, Gluconeogenesis, Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle

The TCA Cycle and PDH, Kreb's - TCA - Citric Acid Cycle,

Pentose Phosphate Pathway, Pentose Phosphate Pathway,

Glycogen Metabolism, Glycogen Metabolism2, Glycogen Biosynthesis & Galactose Pathway,

            Calvin Cycle,

Metabolism of Major Non-Glucose Sugars,

Metabolism of Ethanol, Glucuronate Metabolism,

Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels, AMPK: Master Metabolic Regulator, Type 1 and 2 Diabetes Mellitus,

Lipid Metabolism

            Triacylglycerol Metabolism,

Activation of Fatty Acids, Beta-Oxidation of Fatty Acids - even chain, Beta-Oxidation of Fatty Acids - odd chain,

Beta-Oxidation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid, Alpha-Oxidation Pathway, Cholesterol Biosynthesis 1,

            De Novo Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids,

Phospholipid Metabolism, Sphingolipid Metabolism, Eicosanoid Metabolism,

Fatty Acid Oxidation, Cholesterol and Bile Metabolism,

Amino Acid Metabolism

Amino Acid Metabolism, Amino Acid Derivatives,

            Glutamate Reactions, Kreb-Henseleit Urea Cycle, Shikimate Pathway, Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Biosynthesis,

Tryptophan Biosynthesis,

Energy Metabolism

ATP metabolism, ATP and Biological energy, Chemistry of ATP Synthesis

Oxidative Phosphorylation, Mitochondria & Oxidative Phosphorylation, Oxidative Phosphorylation

Methane Metabolism

DNA Metabolism

RNA Metabolism

Photosynthesis - Photosynthesis1, Photosynthesis2, Photosynthesis3

Nucleotide Metabolism DNA Metabolism, RNA Metabolism

Other Metabolism Iron, Heme and Porphyrin Metabolism

Nitrogen Metabolism and the Urea Cycle, Nitrogen Fixation

Cellular Energetics - Biosynthesis, Catabolism

Anaerobic Pathways - Glycolysis & Fermentation

Aerobic Pathways - Krebs & Beta Oxidation

Kidneys and Distilled Water

Distilled Water

Water, bottled water, flavored water, spring water, Man we can take anything in this country and market the poop out of it, but what are the facts when it comes down to Health. I only know what I read and Distilled Wateris the best. Why? Here are the top three processes in water quality:

Distilled water - has virtually all of its impurities removed through distillation. Distillation involves boiling the water and then condensing the steam into a clean container, leaving nearly all of the solid contaminants behind. Distillation produces very pure water but also leaves behind a leftover white or yellowish mineral scale on the distillation apparatus, which requires that the apparatus be frequently cleaned.

Double distilled water - is prepared by double distillation of water. Historically, it was the standard for highly purified laboratory water for biochemistry and trace analysis until combination methods of purification became widespread.

Deionized water - is water that has had its mineral ions removed, such as cations from sodium, calcium, iron, copper and anions such as chloride and bromide. Deionization is a physical process which uses specially-manufactured ion exchange resins which bind to and filter out the mineral salts from water. Because the majority of water impurities are dissolved salts, deionization produces a high purity water that is generally similar to distilled water, and this process is quick and without scale buildup. However, deionization does not significantly remove uncharged organic molecules, viruses or bacteria, except by incidental trapping in the resin. Specially made strong base anion resins can remove Gram-negative bacteria. Deionization can be done continuously and inexpensively using electrodeionization.

Distilled water should ideally be nothing but hydrogen and oxygen molecules, with a PH level of 7 and no additional gases, minerals or contaminants.The biggest argument, which I agree, is loss of minerals. Anytime I suggest distilled water to anyone I always advise them to supplement with minerals. This seems a small price to pay for having chemical free water.

The other issue we have with any liquid is plastic, the container and heat. Studies have shown that toxins and gases leech into the water when the plastic is warm. Glass is preferred but impractical for travel, the following plastics are tested safe:

· Polypropylene, designated "#5 PP"

· High-density polyethylene, designated "#2HDPE"

· Low-density polyethylene, designated "#4 LDPE"

Bottled water, purified water, filtered water all fall into another class and in some cases tap water is just as good. Remember, when drinking distilled water, especially for long periods, take mineral supplements to replace whats been depleted.

Symptoms of Kidney Problems

So why all the fuss about water? It goes in it comes out, but the Kidneys have to deal with the filtering of water and liquids. The following aresymptoms of kidney problems:

Chronic Kidney Disease Symptoms

Kidneys disease may progress without symptoms for a long time until only very minimal kidney function is left. Kidney disease can affect the body in many different ways. Symptoms vary greatly. Notably, most patients have no decrease in urine output even with very advanced chronic kidney disease.

· Fatigue and weakness (from anemia or accumulation of waste products in the body)

· Loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting

· Need to urinate frequently, especially at night

· Swelling of the legs and puffiness around the eyes (fluid retention)

· Itching, easy bruising, and pale skin (from anemia)

· Headaches, numbness in the feet or hands (peripheral neuropathy), disturbed sleep, altered mental status (encephalopathy from the accumulation of waste products or uremic poisons), and restless legs syndrome

· High blood pressure, chest pain due to pericarditis (inflammation around the heart)

· Shortness of breath from fluid in lungs

· Bleeding (poor blood clotting)

· Bone pain and fractures

· Decreased sexual interest and erectile dysfunction

Besides the common urine tests the following blood tests are done:

Creatinine and urea (BUN) in the blood

Estimated GFR

Electrolyte levels and acid-base balance

Blood cell counts

Anything we can do to take the stress of our kidneys, such a simple change as distilled water should be considered. Natural cures are always best, research from Italy has shown vitamin C and vitamin E can reduce kidney cancer risk by over 40%. A Homeopathic Doctor should be consulted to make sure you have the right balance of supplements for your system.

Is Bottled Drinking Water Safe?

One question that's coming up more and more is, is bottled drinking water safe? The answer in the majority of cases seems to be No. To explain this lets look at the water first.

Case studies show that most bottled water is just tap water filtered. This doesn't filter out certain chemicals like chlorine. Also, microscopic metallic particles can bypass filter units and end up in the bottled water. In fact, there was a high school project where a student did an analysis of toilet water verses bottled water, you already know the results, the toilet water was cleaner.

Bottled Drinking Water Container Safety

The bigger issue with bottled water is the containers. Plastics are categorized by number. A thick #7 plastic container is proven safe for storing water, the other lower numbers are not.

Most bottled drinking water containers are those thin cheap plastic ones. There are a couple of issues with this. The packaging, storage and transportation of these bottles are unknown until they reach the store shelves. These pallets of drinking water could have been sitting in the heat, which creates leakage of toxic chemicals used in the manufacturing of the plastic bottles.

If your lucky enough to still get a clean bottle of water, then your own habits of leaving your water out in the sunlight still poses a risk of leakage.

Using a #7 plastic container, stainless steel or glass is recommended for transporting water when you go out and about. It's inexpensive and any way you can reduce toxins from entering your body should be considered

How to Study Biochemistry – It is very simple, follow these step

Biochemistry is a notorious course for demanding a high-volume of information in a short amount of time. However, there are studying methods to assist students in learning efficiently and effectively. I have studied and interviewed groups of medical and science students that have mastered their course work. It is true that there are specific and detailed guidelines that these students adhere to and credit for their academic success. The successful student must excel in visualizing relationships, memorizing facts, and reciting complex metabolic reactions of the human body. With some time and applying these strategies and tips from past honor students ofBiochemistry, you will greatly improve your academic performance.

Study Skill #1 - Do NOT procrastinate. The most obvious, and yet least followed advice by students. Biochemistry is a high-volume course that progresses and builds its concepts on the fundamentals. Moreover, many pathways and reactions require memorization and must be acquired over time. The last thing you want to do is cram for this course.

Study Skill #2 - Know the terminology and nomenclature, it will make things much easier down the road. An enzyme or protein will often have its function built into its name. Take Protein Kinase A for example. As a member of the Kinases, it will almost always add a phosphate group to its substrate. Or, take Alcohol Dehydrogenase, structures that are Dehydrogenases always oxidize a substrate. In this case, it oxidizes alcohols into aldehydes and ketones. Once you get this down, you will begin to recognize names and automatically correlate them with a specific function.

Study Skill #3 - Start with the big picture. There is no doubt that you will have to memorize multi-step metabolic pathways. The best way to do this is to start with the easy steps and understand the overall flow of the reaction. First, write only the substrates and products in order. Do this repeatedly, until it is memorized. Then add the enzymes. Then continue to add co-factors and by-products. If necessary, label each as an exer- or endergonic reaction. Use the nomenclature to help you remember what is going on in each step. For example, Phosphofructokinase-1 - adds a phosphate group (phospho-kinase) to the molecule fructose (-fructo-) at the first position (-1). By breaking down the pathways and focusing on the terminology it will greatly speed up your ability to memorize them.

Study Skill #4 - Buy a dry erase board. Use this to memorize the pathways and any other reactions you have to know. There are no short-cuts, but writing things out reinforces them in your memory. It tends to be much more efficient than staring and reciting from your textbook.

Study Skill #5 - Know the purpose of a reaction. Take the Bohr Effect for example. An increase in [H⁺] (decrease in pH), CO₂, temperature, and 2,3-BPG all occur in active skeletal muscle. They also all encourage O₂ release from hemoglobin. This makes sense if you think that working muscle is metabolic tissue and needs oxygen to survive. Incorporating the larger concept will also allow you to predict the flow of reactions in other situations throughout the body.

Study Skill #6 - Stare at the graphs and plots. These questions are virtually freebies on exams because all the information you need to solve them is included. Know what the x- and y-intercept, the slope, and the area under the graph represent. Know what makes the graphed line move to the right or left. You will absolutely be asked about the Michaelis-Menten graph and the Hemoglobin dissociation curve - these are staples ofbiochemistry.

Study Skill #7 - Seek to understand first, and then memorize. Like many other courses, biochemistry can be overwhelming at first. There is no easy way to memorize every amino acid or metabolic reaction. But students always claim that if they take the time to first get the concept down, the memorizing is not as difficult as it once seemed. Stay focused, break it down into small steps, and practice.

INTRODUCTION - Scope of Biochemistry

Biochemistry is a branch of life science which deals with the study of chemical reactions that occur in living cells and organisms. Life is a chemical process involving thousands of different reactions occurring in an organized manner. These are called metabolic reactions. The term Biochemistry was first introduced by the German Chemist Carl Neuberg in 1903.

It takes into account the studies related to the nature of the chemical constituents of living matter, their transformations in biological systems and the energy changes associated with these transformations.

Biochemistry may thus be treated as a discipline in which biological phenomena are analyzed in terms of chemistry.

The branch of Biochemistry for the same reason, has been variously named as Biological Chemistry or Chemical Biology.

Modern Biochemistry has two branches, descriptive Biochemistry and dynamic Biochemistry.

Descriptive Biochemistry deals with the qualitative and quantitative characterization of the various cell components and the dynamic Biochemistry deals with the elucidation of the nature and the mechanism of the reactions involving these cell components. Many newer disciplines have been emerged from Biochemistry such of Enzymology (study of enzymes), Endocrinology (study of hormones) Clinical Biochemistry (study of diseases), Molecular Biochemistry (Study of Biomolecules and their functions). Along with these branches certain other specialties have also come up such as Agricultural Biochemistry, Pharmacological Biochemistry etc.
Those who acquire a sound knowledge of Biochemistry can tackle the 2 central concerns of the biomedical sciences

(1) the understanding and maintenance of health

(2) the understanding and treatment of diseases.

Objectives of Biochemistry

The major objective of Biochemistry is the complete understanding of all the chemical processes associated with living cells at the molecular level. To achieve this objective, biochemists have attempted to isolate numerous molecules (Bio molecules) found in cells, to determine their structures and to analyze how they function. Biochemical studies have illuminated many aspects of disease and the study of certain diseases have opened up new therapeutic approaches. In brief the objectives can be listed as follows:

1. Isolation, structural elucidation and the determination of mode of action of biomolecules.
2. Identification of disease mechanisms.
3. Study of in born errors of metabolism
4. Study of oncogenes in cancer cells
5. The relationship of biochemistry with genetics, physiology, immunology, pharmacology, toxicology etc.

Biochemistry is related to almost all the life sciences and without biochemistry background and knowledge, a thorough understanding of health and well-being is not possible.

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Nasty Biochemistry

The most boring subject in the world is biochemistry.

I hate it as much as I love the books of mystery.

 

Oxidase, reductase and hydrogenase,

They give me anxiety and scares.

 

Its nomenclature and structures,

Forget me the taste of burgers.

 

Proteins, polypeptides and peptides,

They make we want to commit suicide.

 

Imbibitions and adsorption,

Always hurt my emotions.

 

Osmosis and osmotic pressure,

Keep me always under high blood pressure.

 

Amino acids with basic chain,

Shower on me, the “acid rain”

 

Avogadro’s and Henderson’s laws,

Are as dangerous as dog’s paws.

 

Fatty acids and waxes,

They seem to me like taxes.

 

O! God save me from this creature,

It is a notorious danger

Classification of Enzymes

Enzymes are classified into six major groups on the basis of the type of the reaction they catalyze.

These are

1. Oxidoreductases

2. Transferases

3. Hydrolases

4. Lyases

5. Isomerases

6. Ligases (synthases)

Key - Just Imagine that there is an electron ē, which get transferred to the molecule of water(H₂O). This molecule get break and form its Isomer. After some time it again synthesized into Water(H₂O).

Collect information from bold words

electron ē Oxidoreductases (Transfer of electrons)

transferred Transferases (Transfer of functional group)

water(H₂O) Hydrolases (Hydrolysis reaction)

break Lyases (Cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds)

Isomer Isomerases (Transfer of Groups within a molecule)

synthesized Ligases (synthases) (ligase)

Essential Amino Acids

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Kwality (Quality)

Just imagine you are watching your favorite program in M TV but suddenly the program changed and the new program came about Amino acids which you don�t like at that time

Than you told to your friend

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L	Leucine
K	Lysine
F	Phenylalanine
I	Isoleucine
W	Tryptophan
M	Methionine
T	Threonine
V	Valine