Education in Biology & Job prospectus

Education in Biology & Job prospectus
Biology is the study of life. This is one of the amazing future. most of the peoples are going through common routes in their higher educations. It is very good. But i am trying to introduce few of the good courses in job oriented. They are

1.Education in Forensic Sciences & Job prospectus

       2.Education in Medical Transcription & Job prospectus

  

3.Education in Biochemistry & Job prospectus

4.Education in Bioinformatics & Job prospectus 

(Link will update soon)

Do not forget to visit BIOCHEMISTRY DEN official site for latest information

Protein folding made easy

Protein folding has nothing to do with laundry. It is, in fact, one of the central questions in biochemistry. Protein folding is the continual and universal process whereby the long, coiled strings of amino acids that make up proteins in all living things fold into more complex three-dimensional structures. By understanding how proteins fold, and what structures they are likely to assume in their final form, researchers are then able to move closer to predicting their function.

This is important because incorrectly folded proteins in humans result in such devastating diseases as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, emphysema and cystic fibrosis. Developing better modelling techniques for protein folding is crucial to creating more effective pharmaceutical treatments for these and other diseases.

Computational methods of modelling protein folding have existed for a couple of decades. But what McGill researcher Jérôme Waldispühl of the McGill Centre for Bioinformatics has done, working with collaborators from MIT, is to develop algorithms that can work from a laptop computer to examine a protein's fundamental chemical properties and then scan a number of possible protein shapes before predicting the final form that the protein is likely to take.

The results have been impressive. Whereas classical techniques for predicting protein folding pathways required hundreds of thousands of CPU hours to compute the folding dynamics of 40 amino acids proteins, the program tFolder implemented by Solomon Shenker – a former McGill under-graduate student now at Cornell – has been able to predict correctly in 10 minutes on a single laptop, a coarse-grained representation of the folding pathways of a protein with 60 amino acids.

Waldispühl and his students continue to work on their algorithm to improve its success rate at predicting protein folding with broader categories of proteins including some that are important in DNA-binding. The research was recently presented at the 15th Annual International Conference in Research in Computational Molecular Biology (RECOMB 2011).

Heaviest element officially named Copernicium

Label follows tradition of naming elements after merited scientists 

The heaviest element yet known is now officially named "Copernicium," after the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. Copernicium has the atomic number 112 — this number denotes the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. It is 277 times heavier than hydrogen, making it the heaviest element officially recognized by international union for chemistry IUPAC. 

The name for the element was suggested by the team that discovered it, led by Sigurd Hofmann at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung in Germany. The suggested name "Copernicium" in honor of Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) follows the tradition of naming chemical elements after merited scientists.

IUPAC officially announced the endorsement of the new element's name on Feb. 19, Nicolaus Copernicus' birthday. Copernicus' work in the field of astronomy is the basis for our modern, heliocentric world view, which states that the sun is the center of our solar system with Earth and all the other planets (in our solar system) circling around it.

On the periodic table of elements, Copernicium will have the symbol "Cn." The team had originally suggested "Cp" as the element's symbol, but because this abbreviation has other uses in science (such as a material's specific heat), the team agreed to "Cn."

Other elements named for famous scientists include: Einsteinium (for Albert Einstein), Fermium (for nuclear physicist Enrico Fermi), and Curium (after Marie Curie and her husband Pierre).

Hofmann and his team were able to produce the element Copernicium at GSI for the first time on Feb. 9, 1996. Using the 100-meter long GSI accelerator (an atom smasher), they fired zinc ions onto a lead foil. The fusion of the atomic nuclei of the two elements produced an atom of the new element 112. But the atom was only stable for a fraction of a second.

Further independent experiments confirmed the discovery of the element. Last year, IUPAC officially recognized the existence of element 112, acknowledged the GSI team’s discovery and invited them to propose a name.

Periodic table gains two elements

Chemistry officials have confirmed the creation of two new elements - so now names will be given to elements 114 and 116.

By John Roach

The periodic table has two new heavyweights, elements 114 and 116, according to a committee of  international chemists and physicists. The elements are fleeting — they are created by bombarding lighter elements together and exist for less than a second before undergoing radioactive decay. Such a short lifespan means that we can't say much about them other than they really do exist.

"The lifetimes of these things have to be reasonably long so you can study the chemistry — meaning, pushing a minute," Paul Karol  of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, who chaired the committee that approved the new elements, told New Scientist.

The evidence for element's existence has been mounting for more than a decade. In 1999, for example, Russian scientists with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research bombarded plutonium-244 with calcium-48 to produce a single atom of 114, which has an atomic weight of 289.

Further collaboration between Russian and U.S. scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory resulted in papers published in 2004 and 2006 on the creation of the elements 114, 116, and the yet-to-be-approved 118.

To create 116, the researchers smashed together curium atoms, which have 96 protons in their nucleui, with calcium nuclei, which have 20 protons. This lasted a few milliseconds before decaying into 114, which in turn decayed into copernicum, element 112.

These papers served as the basis for review by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, which made the formal announcement of the new elements on June 1 with the publication of a paper in Pure Applied Chemistry.

The elements currently go by the placeholder names ununquadium and unuhexium, which by IUPAC convention are derived from the digits 114 and 116. The Russian discovery team at JINR has proposed flerovium for 114, after Soviet element finder Georgy Flyorov, and muscovium for 116, after Russia's Moscow region, according to Wired.

The committee also reviewed claims associated with elements 113, 115, and 118, but found they are not yet conclusive and thus do not meet the criteria for discovery. For more information on how the elements were discovered and the review process, check out the video above from the University of Nottingham's Periodic Table of Videos series.

Biotechnology Colleges in India

• in-WestBengal
• in-Uttaranchal.
• in uttarPradesh
• in TamilNadu
• in-Rajasthan
• in-Punjab
• in-Pondicherry
• in-Maharashtra
• in-MadhyaPradesh
• in-Kerala
• in-Karnataka
• in-Jharkhand
• in Himachal
• in Haryana
• in Gujarat
• in Goa
• in Delhi
• in Bihar
• in Assam
• in Andhra Pradesh

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Inborn errors of metabolism comprise a large class of genetic diseases involving disorders of metabolism. The majority are due to defects of single genes that code for enzymes that facilitate conversion of various substances into others . In most of the disorders, problems arise due to accumulation of substances which are toxic or interfere with normal function, or to the effects of reduced ability to synthesize essential compounds. Inborn errors of metabolism are now often referred to as congenital metabolic diseases or inherited metabolic diseases.

Major categories of inherited metabolic diseases

• Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism - glycogen storage disease(Type 1= Von Gierke’s,Type 2- Pompe’s disease) 
• Disorders of amino acid metabolism - phenylketonuria , maple syrup urine disease, glutaric acidemia type 1 
• Disorders of organic acid metabolism - alcaptonuria 
• Disorders of fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial metabolism 
• Disorders of porphyrin metabolism - acute intermittent porphyria 
• Disorders of purine or pyrimidine metabolism - Lesch-Nyhan syndrome 
• Disorders of steroid metabolism - congenital adrenal hyperplasia 
• Disorders of mitochondrial function - Kearns-Sayre syndrome 
• Disorders of peroxisomal function - Zellwegger’s (Cerebro-Hepato-renal) X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy 
• Lysosomal storage disorders - Mucopolysaccharidoses (X-linked Hunter’s, Hurler’s),Gaucher disease,Tay-Sachs Disease

PCR Saliva Tests Useful for Congenital CMV Screening

Real-time polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) assays of saliva samples are accurate for detecting congenital cytomegalovirus infection in newborns, researchers found.

Assays using both liquid and dried saliva had high sensitivity and specificity for identifying the infection, with positive predictive values over 90% and negative predictive values at or near 100%, according to Suresh Boppana, MD, of the University of Alabama at Birmingham, and colleagues.

Unlike the standard rapid cultures of saliva and urine samples, the PCR assays can be automated and adapted for widespread screening, which could identify babies who would benefit from early intervention to mitigate the effects on speech and language development of any cytomegalovirus-related hearing loss, the researchers reported in the June 2 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.

Although screening would allow for early identification, the standard culture method performed on saliva or urine samples cannot be automated, which limits utility for large-scale screening. Most infants with congenital cytomegalovirus infection are not identified because the infection is asymptomatic and testing is not routine. 

A previous study by Boppana's group showed the dried-blood-spot PCR assays identified fewer than 40% of cytomegalovirus-infected newborns, so the researchers compared real-time PCR assays (using either liquid or dry saliva samples) with rapid culture at seven U.S. hospitals.

Of those screened with the liquid-saliva PCR assay, 85 infants (0.5%) were positive on both rapid culture and the PCR assay. Another eight infants were positive on the PCR assay but not on culture. Of the 34,989 screened, 0.5% were positive for cytomegalovirus using at least one of the three screening methods. 

Of the newborns screened with the dried-saliva PCR assay, 76 (0.44%) were positive on rapid culture -- 74 of whom were also positive on the PCR assay. Another eight infants were positive on the PCR assay only. The sensitivity and specificity of the PCR assay were 100% and 99.9%, respectively, and the positive and negative predictive values were 91.4% and 100%, respectively. 

The sensitivity and specificity of the PCR assay were 97.4% and 99.9%, respectively, and the positive and negative predictive values were 90.2% and 99.9%, respectively.
Of the 16 infants who were positive on one of the PCR assays, but not on rapid culture, 13 underwent follow-up testing of saliva and urine samples; only three actually had a cytomegalovirus infection.

"Although false-positive saliva PCR results could lead to unwarranted parental anxiety and additional testing in infants to confirm or rule out congenital cytomegalovirus infection, the overall frequency of false-positive results for both liquid-saliva and dried-saliva PCR assays was less than 0.03%," they wrote. Those false-positives may have been the result of cytomegalovirus-containing maternal secretions in the infants' mouths, according to the researchers. 

"Nevertheless," they added, "when saliva PCR assay is used to screen newborns, a positive screening result should be confirmed within the first three weeks of age to avoid false-positive screening results."


Although the dried-saliva PCR assay failed to identify two infants who had the infection according to the standard rapid culture -- and the liquid-saliva PCR assay did not miss any -- the researchers suggested that using dried saliva may be preferable for screening.


"The simplified procedures for specimen collection, storage, and transport, combined with the high sensitivity, support dried-saliva PCR assay as a reasonable approach to cytomegalovirus screening in newborns," they wrote.


They acknowledged that the study was limited in that the infants who were found negative on initial testing were not enrolled in follow-up testing to confirm the absence of the infection.




Action Points:

• Explain that PCR testing of liquid or dried saliva was able to identify newborns with congenital cytomegalovirus infection with high sensitivity and specificity.
• Note that congenital cytomegalovirus infection is usually asymptomatic but can cause hearing loss; currently newborns are not screened for this infection.

Here is the first man to be cured of HIV- AIDS

Timothy Ray Brown, 45, from San Francisco Bay Area, is in the news – as the first man cured of HIV- AIDS. “I think so,” he calmly tells his interviewers who ask if he actually is cured.

Brown has been facing cameras, gun mikes and diagnostic kits ever since the publication of a research paper on his unique case in the journal Blood in December 2010.

The researchers led by Kristina Allers and Gero Hutter at Charite University Medicine Berlindocumented what can be dubbed as a miracle.

The successful reconstitution of a set of white blood cells that the HIV eats up in Brown’s body is a “very rare” occurrence, they noted.

Brown, who was tested HIV back in 1995 in Germany, was later diagnosed with another disease — leukaemia or blood cancer that involves an abnormal increase in white blood cell.

He was treated with bone marrow stem cell transplant — a cure for blood cancer. The stem cells came from a donor with a rare gene mutation that involves immunity to HIV — again a rare occurrence.

 The mechanism involved special white blood cells called CD4+ helper T cells.  When a dangerous material like a bacterium or a virus is detected in the body, immune cells immediately stimulate these special cells.

The helper T cells further activate and direct other immune cells to fight the disease. HIV specifically attacks helper T cells, making the body unable to launch a counter offensive against invaders.

Hence, AIDS patients suffer from other lethal infections. The researchers in Berlin showed that after stem cell therapy Brown’s body had reconstitution of CD4+ T cells at a systemic level and specifically in his gut mucosal immune system.

“While the patient remains without any sign of HIV infection,” they wrote. Brown has quit taking his HIV medication. The secret is that if the white cells could be manipulated to a state in which they are no longer infected or infectable by HIV that would mean a functional cure.

Researchers, however, have warned that though the study offers promise, it is not a surefire cure from the dreaded disease — transplants are risky, and this involved a very rare transplant. Brown is a rather lucky man. He said in a recent interview that appeared in the San Francisco media about his cure: “It makes me very happy — very, very happy.” 

Scientists create synthetic brain cell

Researchers have for the first time created a synthetic synapse circuit whose behaviour duplicates the function of a brain cell.

A synapse is a junction that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another nerve or brain cell.

The team, led by professors Alice Parker and Chongwu Zhou at the University of Southern California Viterbi School of Engineering, combined circuit design with nanotechnology to address the complex problem of capturing brain function.

Carbon nanotubes are molecular carbon structures a million times smaller than a pencil point. These nanotubes can be used in electronic circuits, acting as metallic conductors or semiconductors, according to a California statement.

'This is a necessary first step in the process,' said Parker, who began looking at the possibility of developing a synthetic brain in 2006. 'We wanted to answer the question: Can you build a circuit that would act like a neuron? The next step is even more complex.'

'How can we build structures out of these circuits that mimic the function of the brain, which has 100 billion neurons and 10,000 synapses per neuron?'

Parker emphasized that the actual development of a synthetic brain, or even a functional brain area is decades away.

The human brain continually produces new neurons, makes new connections and adapts throughout life, and creating this process through analog circuits will be a monumental task, according to Parker.

She believes the breakthrough could have long-term implications for everything -- from developing prosthetic nanotechnology to heal traumatic brain injuries to developing intelligent, safe cars that would protect drivers in bold new ways.

These findings were presented at the IEEE/NIH 2011 Life Science Systems and Applications Workshop in the US.

WHO says cell phone use can cause brain cancer

LONDON (Reuters) - Using a mobile phone may increase the risk of certain types of brain cancer in humans and consumers should consider ways of reducing their exposure, World Health Organisation (WHO) cancer experts said on Tuesday.

A working group of 31 scientists from 14 countries meeting at the WHO's International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) said a review of all the available scientific evidence suggested cell phone use should be classified as "possibly carcinogenic".

The classification could prompt the U.N. health body to look again at its guidelines on mobile phones, the IARC scientists said, but more research is needed before a more definitive answer on any link can be given.

The WHO had previously said there was no established evidence for a link between cell phone use and cancer.

"After reviewing essentially all the evidence that is relevant ... the working group classified radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans," Jonathan Samet, chair of the IARC group, said in a telebriefing.

He said some evidence suggested a link between an increased risk for glioma, a type of brain cancer, and mobile phone use.

The decision comes after a study published last year which looked at almost 13,000 cell phone users over 10 years found no clear answer on whether the mobile devices cause brain tumours.

The decision has been keenly awaited by mobile phone companies and by campaign groups who have raised concerns about whether cell phones might be harmful to health.

Use of cell phones use has increased dramatically since their introduction in the early-to-mid 1980s. About 5 billion mobile phones are currently in use worldwide.

(Reporting by Kate Kelland, editing by Alison Williams)

What are omega-3 fatty acids

Definition
Essential for human health, omega-3 fatty acids are a form of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are produced by the body and must be obtained in the diet of a person.

Purpose
The consumption of foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids is part of a healthy diet and help people maintain their health.

Description
In recent years, much attention has focused on the value of a diet low in fat. In some cases. People in this opinion to the extreme by adopting a diet low in fat, or worse, a regime that has no fat, but the truth is that not all fats are bad. Although trans fats and saturated fats found in large amounts in red meat, butter, whole milk and some canned foods, have proven that the person's total cholesterol, polyunsaturated fatty acids may play a role in maintaining low cholesterol . Two are particularly good omega-3 and omega-6, which are polyunsaturated.

Two types of omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and decosahexaenoic acid (DHA), found primarily in fish from cold water and hydrocarbons, such as tuna, salmon, trout, herring, sardines, bass, swordfish and mackerel. With the exception of algae, most plants do not contain EPA and DHA. However, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), another type of omega-3 fatty acids found in green leafy vegetables, flaxseed, fish oil, canola oil, nuts, beans and nuts, and soybeans. The enzymes in the body of a person can convert ALA into EPA and DHA, the two types of omega-3 fatty acids and used by the body.

Many experts agree that it is important for a healthy balance between omega-3 and omega-6 to maintain. As Dr. Penny Kris-Etherton and colleagues reported in an article published in the American Journal of Nutrition, excessive intake of omega-6 fatty acids results in a change in diet unhealthy American diet. The authors note that it was a 1:1 ratio of omega-3 and omega-6, is now estimated at a ratio of 10:1. This poses a problem, researchers said, because eating some of the benefits of omega-3 acids are denied by an excessive intake of omega-6 fatty acids. For example, omega-3 fatty acids, anti-inflammatory, while omega-6 fatty acids tend to promote inflammation. Oils, cereals, bread, margarine and vegetable oils such as corn, peanut and sunflower oil are examples of omega-6 fatty acids. In addition, people consume omega-6 fatty acids simply by eating meat from animals fed with grains rich in omega-6 fatty acids. Some experts suggest that drinking 1-4 times more omega-6 fatty acids omega 3, which is a fair share. In other words, often nutrition experts say the key to a healthy diet is moderation and balance.

The health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids
there is strong evidence that omega-3 fatty acids a person against atherosclerosis andtherefore against heart disease and stroke, arrhythmia, cardiac and sudden cardiac death, and possibly autoimmune diseases like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis protection issues. Indeed. The doctors Dean Ornish and Mehmet Oz, renowned heart specialist, according to a 2002 article published in the journal, the benefits of consuming adequate daily dose of omega-3 fatty acids may contribute to sudden cardiac death is reduced by almost 50 %. In fact, in an article in American Family Physician, Dr. Maggie Covington, assistant clinical professor at the University of Maryland, also emphasized the value of health and tocardiovascular omega-3 refers to a major clinical trial to date, the GISSI-Prevenzione, To illustrate his point of view. In the study, 11,324 patients with coronary artery disease into four groups: one received 300 mg of vitamin E, a group of 850 mg of omega-3 fatty acids was one group received vitamin E and fatty acids, and a control group served as . After a little over three years, "the group that the omega-3 had only a 45% reduction in sudden death and a 20% reduction in mortality from all causes" Dr. Covington.

According to the American Heart Association (AHA) and the omega-3 fatty acids can reduce heart disease is still under investigation. However, the AHA says that research shows that omega-3:

• Reduce the risk of arrthythmias which can lead to sudden cardiac death
• Decreased triglycerides  
• To reduce the growth of atherosclerotic plaque 
• Low blood pressure slightly

In fact, several studies have shown that a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids not only the bad cholesterol known as LDL, but also reduced triglycerides, the fatty substance that circulates in the blood. Interestingly, researchers found that cholesterol Inuit tend to be very good, despite the fact that they have a diet high in fat. The reason for this research found that diets rich in fatty fish are full of omega-3 fatty acids. The same has been said many times over the Mediterranean-style diet.

Are said to reduce inflammation in the joints, more omega-3 fatty acids have been the subject of numerous studies trying to validate its efficacy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to a lot of research on supplements of omega-3 fatty acids are clearly effective in reducing symptoms associated with rheumatoid arthritis, such as softness and stiffness. In some cases, reducing the amount of drug in patients with rheumatoid arthritis found.

More research is needed on the effectiveness of omega-3 to improve the treatment of eating disorders, the attention deficit disorder and depression. Some studies have shown that children with behavioral problems and ADHD is less than the normal amount of omega-3 fatty acids in their bodies. But until more data on these key areas to be a conservative approach, particularly when changes in the diet of a child. Parents should talk with your child's pediatrician to determine whether to add more omega-3 fatty acids to feed your child is eligible. In addition, parents of special care to avoid feeding their children fish rich in mercury. The list of foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids can be obtained from a nutritionist.

The mercury content and security
media attention focused on the high concentrations of mercury in some fish. People who deal with the content of fish consumption and mercury can consult public opinion on the subject published by the U.S. Organization and Drug Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency. special precautions for children and pregnant or nursing. They are informed about sharks, mackerel, swordfish and tilefish occur. However, both the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, stressed the importance of subsistence fishing. Fish, warn not to be removed from the diet. In fact, said Robert Oh, MD, in his 2005 paper, published in the Journal of the American Board of Family Practice "The potential health benefits of fish, women of childbearing age are encouraged to eat 1-2 meals of low-mercury fish a week. "

other security problems were also reported fish. In 2004, Hites and colleagues assessed the salmon organic pollutants in an article published in the journal Science. They concluded that farmed salmon had higher levels of public interest of polychlorinated wild salmon and a response from the American Cancer Society is desired. Fish farming in Europe is at higher levels of mercury in salmon in North America and South America, but American Cancer Society said the levels "of toxic Hites and his colleagues found in salmon is even lower than the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, which regulates food, sounds dangerous. "The American Cancer Society continues to promote a healthy and varied diet that includes fish as a food source.

The recommended dose
AHA recommends that people with two servings of fish such as tuna or salmon for lunch at least twice a week. A person with coronary disease, according to the AHA, should consume one gram of omega-3 fatty acids per day through food intake, preferably fatty fish consumption. AHA also says that "people with high triglyceride levels may be 2 to 4 grams of EPA and DHA in a daily supplement is a liquid orcapsule. Broken or crushed flaxseed can be easily incorporated into the diet of a person spray salads, soups and cereals.

Several sources, but here are some common examples:

• 3 grams of pickled herring = 1.2 grams of omega-3 fatty acids 
• 3 oz salmon = 1.3 grams of omega-3 fatty acids  
• 3 ounces of halibut = 1.0 grams of omega-3    
• 3 ounces of mackerel = 1.6 grams of omega-3

1 teaspoon 1 / 2 cup = 3 grams of flaxseed omega-3 fatty acids

Precautions
In early 2004, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration of the Environmental Protection Agency issued a statement that women who are pregnant or may be, and nursing mothers and children should avoid eating certain species of fish oil contains high levels of mercury. Fish in general, high levels of mercury are swordfish, shark and mackerel, and shrimp, canned light tuna, salmon and catfish are generally low in mercury. How many people go fishing as a hobby, she must be secured before eating fish caught by family and friends to the stream or lake is considered low in mercury.

There is conflicting information, if it is safe for patients with macular degeneration in omega-3 fatty acids taken in supplement form. Until more data become available, it is preferable for people with macular degeneration associated with its omega-3 fatty acids to receive the food they eat.

Side effects
The fish oil supplements can cause diarrhea and gas. The fish oil capsules tend to have a taste of the fish.

Interaction
Although no significant drug interactions associated with the consumption of foods containing omega-3 fatty acids, patients treated with anticoagulants should not omega-3 supplements without consulting your doctor. Can cause excessive bleeding. For the same reason, some patients requiring more than 3 grams of omega-3 fatty acids in supplement form must seek prior approval from your doctor.

Fever is good paracetamol is bad

Doctors often prescribe paracetamol when their patients have fever. I often fall below the body temperature of 38.0 degrees Celsius. Honestly, when we are sick, you better have a fever. Sounds like a myth to you? Am I wrong? Are you surprised by what I said?

Pathogens (bacteria, virus) and a normal body temperature of 37.0 degrees Celsius in general optimized. Similarly, if you are a chicken hatching, the temperature is 37.0 degrees Celsius. If you grow an agar plate with the bacteria E. coli, the temperature is 37.0 degrees Celsius.  

After looking at the numbers, I concluded that life is more suited to mammals 37.0 degrees Celsius. You can also indirectly imply that viruses and bacteria multiply rapidly at 37 degrees Celsius. The use of paracetamol lowers body temperature to 37 degrees Celsius, which is the growth of bacteria and influenza virus.

If you have a fever, our body temperature rises. The brain acts like a thermostat to regulate temperature, depending on the seriousness of our condition. This review of body temperature due to the production of smoke to destroy pathogens. High fever slow down the enzymes that kills bacteria. Off when our body temperature rises. Temperature rated speed the body's defense, strengthen the interaction between white blood cells with pathogens.

Take medication for fever, actually gives your body a chance to get slower. When paracetamol is broken down into its metabolites in the liver, is preparing excreted by the body, this metabolite is toxic to cells. You are only required to eat when acetaminophen fever over 38 degrees Celsius. This is due to the temperature at 39 degrees Celsius can cause further brain damage due to the inability of the enzyme in the brain to work.

Doctors often recommend us to 2 tablets (1000 mg), paracetamol only eat once every six hours. In my own research and study only eating 1000 mg of acetaminophen if the fever is high. If you have a weakness for the average degree of fever, I recommend a tablet (500 mg) of acetaminophen every four hours to consume. 

First, the half-life of drugs and the secretary of more effective drugs. As you can see that the frequency of consumption of the same amount of medicine every six hours (if you have two pills, eats 6 hours), compared to 8 hours (if you eat 2 tablets 4 hours). 

Second, the stress of his liver to less toxic metabolite of acetaminophen separation.

If you do not trust me, that fever is beneficial or harmful, go directly to a Google search. For your information, all temperatures shown above are accurate only if the temperature under the tongue to measure.

House made hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium hypochlorous acid

This experience, I tried today and was very successful. These are chemicals that I find in my kitchen - baking powder, sodium chloride, acetic acid.

I want to hypochlorous acid, but this acid is very difficult to obtain in pure form for me to become contaminated. First, get a bucket of water and add as much as possible until the sodium chloride is no more, can be solved faster results. Then connect the positive of the battery in a carbon rod and negative for the carbon rod. We use carbon (graphite), and it does not break in electrolysis. (IMPORTANT: Make sure the two carbon rods are not connected, a short circuit be dangerous, the car battery is capable of producing 30 amps of current if you do not realize how strong it is).

Now add a membrane (paper) between two electrodes. Be sure the water does not deviate from left to right; otherwise the experience will be a complete failure. After this step, place the electrode and the electrolysis started. If you want more salt, electrolysis done to remove sodium chloride.

After the experiment, to create an equivalent amount of fluid from the right side of the membrane and the membrane is left without any alteration of the water. Pour the solution into the right place for container and the container is left to the left. In the positive electrode. The uptake of oxygen and chlorine gas, chlorine reacts with water to form hydrochloric and hypochlorous acid (chlorine weak acid) to form. Great, you've done to make a mixture of hypochlorous acid solution.

If you want to make hydrochloric acid, hypochlorous acid, put the mixture in the hot sun, and now produces hydrochloric acid, oxygen gas, but the output to the environment.

The other side of the electrode to produce caustic soda, which can be used in many chemical reactions or react with the acid to form sodium chloride.

What if no one in his membrane electrolysis. You get NaOCl (alkaline solution) or NaOCl3 if temperatures exceed 40 degrees Celsius. Using a pH indicator Cool, we show that all these chemicals are produced correctly.

Also sodium carbonate by heating sodium bicarbonate. Besides heating to about 1000 degrees Celsius to obtain sodium. We also have sodium acetate or sodium IUPAC name.

When healthy pH balance

What is the pH?  

pH stands for potential hydrogen. PH of a solution is to measure the concentration of hydrogen ions. The higher the pH the more alkaline and oxygen rich liquid. The higher pH, more acidic and oxygen deprived the fluid. The pH range of 0-14, with 7.0 neutral. Indicator above 7.0 is alkaline, and below 7.0 is considered acidic.

Our blood pH has a very narrow range around 7.35 to 7.45. If the pH in our body deviates from this series, are symptoms of disease or illness. If our blood pH falls 6.8 or 7.8, to stop our cells function, and death occurs.

A healthy body has a pH of blood is approximately equal to the acidity and alkalinity. The ideal pH balance is 7.4, which means it is more alkaline than acid. Only when the pH is the balance that our body can actually vitamins, minerals and supplements to assimilate. Therefore, determining the pH of our body as well.

An acid pH body is more vulnerable to disease. In acid, red blood cells are not repel and stick like a stack of coins are called roller exercises. This configuration limits the amount of oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells sandwiched between the two ends are pressed against each other and therefore can not carry oxygen. reduction of oxygen causes energy, fatigue and weakness low, to name a few symptoms. Moreover, cancer cells are working in an environment without oxygen (anaerobic) much better than in an oxygenated environment.

The importance of maintaining an optimal pH is a critical factor in treating internal contamination with suitable soil for cancer and a variety of inflammatory diseases discouraged. Most of these conditions worsen in an acidic environment. They do not do well in an acid environment.

What happens when the body is too acidic? Acid:

1. Decrease the body's ability to absorb minerals and other nutrients

2. Decreased energy in cells

3. Decrease the body's ability to repair damaged cells

4. Decrease the body's ability to detoxify heavy metals

5. tumor cells can grow

6. Make the body more susceptible to fatigue and illness.

Some people who have a high acid content tend to have symptoms such as anxiety, diarrhea, dilated pupils, extroverted behavior, fatigue in early morning, headaches, hyperactivity, hypersexuality, insomnia, nervousness, palpitations, restless legs, trouble breath, strong appetite, high blood pressure, warm hands and feet dry.

In most cases, the agency acids due to a diet rich in fatty acids, emotional stress, toxic overload and / or immune reactions or a process that cells deprived of oxygen and other nutrients. When this happens, the body tries to compensate for acidic pH by using alkaline minerals like calcium. Therefore, the calcium in bones and osteoporosis.

Acidosis, with more time in the acid pH state, can cause arthritis, diabetes, lupus, tuberculosis, osteoporosis, hypertension and other forms of cancer.

Two important factors that lead to cancer, is an acid pH and lack of oxygen. Therefore, we can measure these two factors for cancer prevention and control to manipulate?

Everyone knows that cancer should be an acid and hypoxic survive and thrive. Research has shown that patients with terminal cancer 1,000 times more acidic than normal healthy people. The vast majority of patients with terminal cancer has a very acidic pH. Why is this the case?

The reason is simple. Without oxygen, glucose is fermented lactic acid. This ensures that the pH of the cell to drop to 7.0. In most cases of advanced cancer, decreased to pH 6.5. Sometimes, the lowest level of 6.0 and 5.7 or less. The fundamental truth is that our bodies simply can not fight disease if our pH is unbalanced.

Normal human cells are slightly alkaline and has an abundance of molecular oxygen. Cancer cells are acidic and can not survive in an oxygenated environment. Therefore, we conclude that the pH balance is very important for health, especially for patients with cancer.

pH indicators are the number one exponent of 10 The small difference in pH will result in a significant difference in the number of oxygen or OH-ions. A difference of one to a pH value means ten times the difference in the number of OH-ions. A difference of 2 means one hundred times the difference in the number of OH-ions. In other words contain the blood with a pH of 7.45 64.9% more oxygen in the blood with a pH of 7.30.

1. Saliva pH Test
Simply wet a piece of paper with your saliva decisive two hours after a meal and gives a reflection of your health.

Although saliva is usually more acidic than blood, a good indicator of health. Tell your body again. PH of saliva is a good indicator of the health of extracellular fluids and their alkaline mineral reserves.

The optimal pH for saliva is between 6.4 to 6.8. A reading below 6.4 means that there is sufficient alkaline reserves. After lunch, the increase in saliva pH 7.8 or higher. If there is no prize, which means your body is the lack of alkaline minerals, especially calcium and magnesium. The food is not absorbed and assimilated well. To deviate from ideal salivary pH for the disease take a long time.

If the pH of saliva is still low, we need more vegetables, fruit and mineral water and avoid strong acids, such as soda, wheat and red meat to maintain balance.

2. PH testing of urine
PH of urine is an indication of how the body's blood pH to maintain the good. This reflects the efforts made by the body through the kidneys, adrenals, lungs and gonads of buffer salts and hormones. The urine also shows the alkaline building (anabolic) and acid destruction (catabolism) cycles. By collecting urine samples, one can determine a fairly accurate picture of the chemistry of our body as the kidneys filter out the buffer salts of pH regulation and provide values ​​based on the body to eliminate. Urine pH can vary from 4.5 to 9.0, but still within the ideal range is 5.8 to 6.8.

To raise the alkalinity in the blood, eat these foods: almonds, aloe vera, apples, apricots, bee pollen, wheat, cabbage, cantaloupe, celery, carrots, cucumbers, dairy products except hard cheese, dates, vegetables, eggs poached figs, grapes, honey, lettuce, corn, parsley, grapes, peaches, fresh red potatoes, pineapple, soy, kale, boiled spinach, turnip greens, miso soup, wakame, azuki beans, rice and mineral water.

Finally, the balance of your pH is an important step for optimal health and better health. Acidosis is the main cause of the disease of calcium deficiency. After many studies, scientists can conclude that the health of human body fluids are alkaline (high pH), while the patient's body fluids containing (low pH) acid should have.