Biochemistry Den

Study Materials: Biological Oxidation by Satish @Biochemistry den

2012-02-07T23:42:00.001-08:00

Study Materials: Biological Oxidation by Satish @Biochemistry den
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BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION -

Study Materials: DNA Replication Full by Satish@Biochemistry Den

2012-02-07T23:41:00.001-08:00

Study Materials: DNA Replication Full by Satish@Biochemistry Den
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DNA Replication study materials -

Study Materials: Cells of the Immune System@biochemistryden

2012-02-07T23:36:00.001-08:00

Study Materials: Cells of the Immune System
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Cells of the Immune System -

Study Material: Plasma Proteins and role in Health and disease

2012-02-07T23:34:00.000-08:00

Study Material: Plasma Proteins and role in Health and disease
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Plasma Proteins & Anemia -

Study Material: Photosynthesis by Satish

2012-02-07T23:27:00.001-08:00

Study Material: Photosynthesis by Satish
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Photosynthesis -

Study Material: Elements of Immunity@Biochemistry den

2012-02-07T23:19:00.000-08:00

Study Material: Elements of Immunity
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Elements of Immunity -

Study material: Recombinant DNA Technology

2012-02-07T23:10:00.001-08:00

Study material: Recombinant DNA Technology from Satish
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rDNA technology-Biochemden -

CSIR UGC NET Life Science December 2011 Exam Key

2011-12-22T09:53:00.000-08:00

CSIR UGC NET Life Science December 2011 Exam conducted on 18th December 2011 (Sunday). The result released from IAFS.

Just Visit the link and get your copy.
Download from this link

CSIR UGC NET Life science Dec 2011 Exam Paper & key

Education in Biology & Job prospectus

2011-10-31T01:14:00.000-07:00

Education in Biology & Job prospectus
Biology is the study of life. This is one of the amazing future. most of the peoples are going through common routes in their higher educations. It is very good. But i am trying to introduce few of the good courses in job oriented. They are

1.Education in Forensic Sciences & Job prospectus

2.Education in Medical Transcription & Job prospectus

3.Education in Biochemistry & Job prospectus

4.Education in Bioinformatics & Job prospectus

(Link will update soon)

Do not forget to visit BIOCHEMISTRY DEN official site for latest information

An Introduction to Genetic Analysis by Griffith (8th Edition) ebook

2011-09-27T01:24:00.000-07:00

Below is the review of Free Ebook: An Introduction to Genetic Analysis by Griffith (8th Edition):

Ebook‘s Description
An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (IGA) stands out from its peers in this course in that it provides a clear introduction to the techniques and experiments of scientists past and present, not just an “encyclopedia” of information.

This experimental emphasis, together with a solid pedagogical framework in the chapters, provides the clearest, most cutting-edge text available.

IGA is also well-known for its outstanding problem sets, an integral part of the genetics course at any school.

Ebook‘s Details:

Hardcover: 800 pages
Publisher: W. H. Freeman; Eighth Edition edition (April 23, 2004)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0716749394
ISBN-13: 978-0716749394

DOWNLOAD

CSIR UGC NET JRF December 2011 Notification / Apply online

2011-08-23T17:53:00.000-07:00

CSIR will hold the Joint CSIR-UGC Test on 18th December, 2011 for determining the eligibility of the Indian National candidates for the award of Junior Research Fellowships (JRF) NET and for determining eligibility for appointment of Lecturers (NET) in certain subject areas falling under the faculty of Science. The award of Junior Research Fellowship (NET) to the successful eligible candidates will depend on their finding admission/placement in a university/ national laboratory/ institution of higher learning and research, as applicable.

Junior Research Fellowships (NET)
Lecturers (NET)

Educational Qualification:

M.Sc. or Equivalent degree under the subjects mentioned in para 2.1 above, with minimum 55% marks for General & OBC candidates; 50% for SC/ST candidates, Physically and Visually Handicapped candidates and Ph.D. degree holders who had passed Master's degree prior to 19th September 1991.

A candidate can also apply for the Test under RA (Result Awaited) category, if he/she is appearing or has appeared in his/her final year (Last Semester where Semester system is there) of M.Sc. OR equivalent Degree Examination in subjects mentioned in para 2.1 above during the academic Session 2011-2012. Such candidates will have to submit the attestation format (given at the reverse of the application form) duly certified by the Head of the Deptt./Institute over his/her signature and rubber stamp (with address and name) from where the candidate is appearing or has appeared in the final year(Last Semester where Semester system is there) M.Sc. or equivalent degree examination. However, such candidates shall be admitted to the Test provisionally.

They shall only be considered eligible for JRF-(NET)/LS-(NET), if they are able to produce the proof of having passed the Master’s Degree examination in the relevant or related subject with the requisite percentage of marks and within the stipulated IMPORTANT DATES time frame. Students enrolled in integrated MS-Ph D. program are also eligible to apply for JRF in subject areas of NET. Their eligibility for Lectureship will be subject to fulfilling the criteria laid down by UGC.

Subjects of The Test:

The Test will be held in the subjects as given under:

Chemical Sciences,
Earth Sciences
Life Sciences
Mathematical Sciences
Physical Sciences

Age Limit:

For JRF (NET): Minimum 19 Years and maximum 28 years as on 01-07-2011 (upper age limit may be relaxed up to 5 years as in case of candidates belonging to SC/ST/OBC(Non Creamy Layer), Physically handicapped/Visually handicapped and female applicants).
For LS (NET): Minimum 19 years, as on 01.07.2011. No upper age limit.

Date and Scheme of the Test:

The single paper MCQ based test will be held on Sunday, the 18th December, 2011 as under:

Morning Session:

Subject	Marks	Timings	Duration
(i) Life Sciences (ii) Mathematical Sciences	200	9.00AM-12.00PM	3 hrs

Afternoon Session:

Subject	Marks	Timings	Duration
(i) Chemical Sciences (ii) Earth, Atmospheric, Ocean and Planetary Sciences (iii) Physical Sciences	200	2.00 PM-5.00 PM	3 hrs

Syllabus of the Test:

The question paper shall be divided into three parts, (A, B & C) as per syllabus & Scheme of Exam.

Part 'A' shall be common to all subjects. This part shall contain questions pertaining to General Science, Quantitative Reasoning & Analysis and Research Aptitude.
Part 'B' shall contain subject-related conventional Multiple Choice questions (MCQs), generally covering the topics given in the syllabus.
Part 'C' shall contain higher value questions that may test the candidate's knowledge of scientific concepts and/or application of the scientific concepts. The questions shall be of analytical nature where a candidate is expected to apply the scientific knowledge to arrive at the solution to the given scientific problem.
Negative marking for wrong answers, wherever required, shall be applicable as per scheme of Exam. Syllabus & Scheme of Exam of single Paper is given in the Information Bulletin for this test at Annexure "A" and may also be seen at CSIR website: www.csirhrdg.res.in

Examination Centers:

The test will be held at 26 Centers spread all over India, as specified below:

Bangalore, Bhavnagar, Bhopal, Bhubaneshwar, Chandigarh, Chennai, Cochin, Delhi, Guntur, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Imphal, Jammu, Jamshedpur, Karaikudi, Kolkata, Lucknow, Nagpur, Pilani, Pune, Raipur Roorkee, Srinagar, Thiruvananthapuram, Udaipur and Varanasi.

For more info please visit this Link:

Biochemistry Den official site

(Just click this link and get CSIR old papers with key and Study materials absolutely FREE FREE)

Protein folding made easy

2011-06-08T02:10:00.000-07:00

Protein folding has nothing to do with laundry. It is, in fact, one of the central questions in biochemistry. Protein folding is the continual and universal process whereby the long, coiled strings of amino acids that make up proteins in all living things fold into more complex three-dimensional structures. By understanding how proteins fold, and what structures they are likely to assume in their final form, researchers are then able to move closer to predicting their function.

This is important because incorrectly folded proteins in humans result in such devastating diseases as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, emphysema and cystic fibrosis. Developing better modelling techniques for protein folding is crucial to creating more effective pharmaceutical treatments for these and other diseases.

Computational methods of modelling protein folding have existed for a couple of decades. But what McGill researcher Jérôme Waldispühl of the McGill Centre for Bioinformatics has done, working with collaborators from MIT, is to develop algorithms that can work from a laptop computer to examine a protein's fundamental chemical properties and then scan a number of possible protein shapes before predicting the final form that the protein is likely to take.

The results have been impressive. Whereas classical techniques for predicting protein folding pathways required hundreds of thousands of CPU hours to compute the folding dynamics of 40 amino acids proteins, the program tFolder implemented by Solomon Shenker – a former McGill under-graduate student now at Cornell – has been able to predict correctly in 10 minutes on a single laptop, a coarse-grained representation of the folding pathways of a protein with 60 amino acids.

Waldispühl and his students continue to work on their algorithm to improve its success rate at predicting protein folding with broader categories of proteins including some that are important in DNA-binding. The research was recently presented at the 15th Annual International Conference in Research in Computational Molecular Biology (RECOMB 2011).

Heaviest element officially named Copernicium

2011-06-08T01:58:00.000-07:00

Label follows tradition of naming elements after merited scientists

The heaviest element yet known is now officially named "Copernicium," after the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. Copernicium has the atomic number 112 — this number denotes the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. It is 277 times heavier than hydrogen, making it the heaviest element officially recognized by international union for chemistry IUPAC.

The name for the element was suggested by the team that discovered it, led by Sigurd Hofmann at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung in Germany. The suggested name "Copernicium" in honor of Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) follows the tradition of naming chemical elements after merited scientists.

IUPAC officially announced the endorsement of the new element's name on Feb. 19, Nicolaus Copernicus' birthday. Copernicus' work in the field of astronomy is the basis for our modern, heliocentric world view, which states that the sun is the center of our solar system with Earth and all the other planets (in our solar system) circling around it.

On the periodic table of elements, Copernicium will have the symbol "Cn." The team had originally suggested "Cp" as the element's symbol, but because this abbreviation has other uses in science (such as a material's specific heat), the team agreed to "Cn."

Other elements named for famous scientists include: Einsteinium (for Albert Einstein), Fermium (for nuclear physicist Enrico Fermi), and Curium (after Marie Curie and her husband Pierre).

Hofmann and his team were able to produce the element Copernicium at GSI for the first time on Feb. 9, 1996. Using the 100-meter long GSI accelerator (an atom smasher), they fired zinc ions onto a lead foil. The fusion of the atomic nuclei of the two elements produced an atom of the new element 112. But the atom was only stable for a fraction of a second.

Further independent experiments confirmed the discovery of the element. Last year, IUPAC officially recognized the existence of element 112, acknowledged the GSI team’s discovery and invited them to propose a name.

Periodic table gains two elements

2011-06-08T01:44:00.000-07:00

Chemistry officials have confirmed the creation of two new elements - so now names will be given to elements 114 and 116.

By John Roach

The periodic table has two new heavyweights, elements 114 and 116, according to a committee of international chemists and physicists. The elements are fleeting — they are created by bombarding lighter elements together and exist for less than a second before undergoing radioactive decay. Such a short lifespan means that we can't say much about them other than they really do exist.

"The lifetimes of these things have to be reasonably long so you can study the chemistry — meaning, pushing a minute," Paul Karol of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, who chaired the committee that approved the new elements, told New Scientist.

The evidence for element's existence has been mounting for more than a decade. In 1999, for example, Russian scientists with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research bombarded plutonium-244 with calcium-48 to produce a single atom of 114, which has an atomic weight of 289.

Further collaboration between Russian and U.S. scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory resulted in papers published in 2004 and 2006 on the creation of the elements 114, 116, and the yet-to-be-approved 118.

To create 116, the researchers smashed together curium atoms, which have 96 protons in their nucleui, with calcium nuclei, which have 20 protons. This lasted a few milliseconds before decaying into 114, which in turn decayed into copernicum, element 112.

These papers served as the basis for review by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, which made the formal announcement of the new elements on June 1 with the publication of a paper in Pure Applied Chemistry.

The elements currently go by the placeholder names ununquadium and unuhexium, which by IUPAC convention are derived from the digits 114 and 116. The Russian discovery team at JINR has proposed flerovium for 114, after Soviet element finder Georgy Flyorov, and muscovium for 116, after Russia's Moscow region, according to Wired.

The committee also reviewed claims associated with elements 113, 115, and 118, but found they are not yet conclusive and thus do not meet the criteria for discovery. For more information on how the elements were discovered and the review process, check out the video above from the University of Nottingham's Periodic Table of Videos series.

Few Images collections for students

2011-06-04T18:46:00.000-07:00

Digital Weighing Machine

Double Beam VIS-UV_Spectrophotometer

Generic HPLC

Thermometer

HPLC

Intelligent High Speed Refrigerated Centrifuge

Thermometer

Modern Stethoscope

PAGE

PCR - Thermo cycler

REFRIGERATED CENTRIFUGE

Sphygmomanometer

Stethoscope

PCR - Thermo cycler

PCR Thermo cycler

PCR

Upper Arm Digital Sphygmomanometer

Auto Blood pressure monitor A386d0

VIS-UV_Spectrophotometer

Biotechnology Colleges in India

2011-06-04T18:16:00.000-07:00

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

2011-06-04T18:06:00.000-07:00

Inborn errors of metabolism comprise a large class of genetic diseases involving disorders of metabolism. The majority are due to defects of single genes that code for enzymes that facilitate conversion of various substances into others . In most of the disorders, problems arise due to accumulation of substances which are toxic or interfere with normal function, or to the effects of reduced ability to synthesize essential compounds. Inborn errors of metabolism are now often referred to as congenital metabolic diseases or inherited metabolic diseases.

Major categories of inherited metabolic diseases

Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism - glycogen storage disease(Type 1= Von Gierke’s,Type 2- Pompe’s disease)
Disorders of amino acid metabolism - phenylketonuria , maple syrup urine disease, glutaric acidemia type 1
Disorders of organic acid metabolism - alcaptonuria
Disorders of fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial metabolism
Disorders of porphyrin metabolism - acute intermittent porphyria
Disorders of purine or pyrimidine metabolism - Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Disorders of steroid metabolism - congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Disorders of mitochondrial function - Kearns-Sayre syndrome
Disorders of peroxisomal function - Zellwegger’s (Cerebro-Hepato-renal) X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy
Lysosomal storage disorders - Mucopolysaccharidoses (X-linked Hunter’s, Hurler’s),Gaucher disease,Tay-Sachs Disease

PCR Saliva Tests Useful for Congenital CMV Screening

2011-06-04T03:55:00.000-07:00

Real-time polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) assays of saliva samples are accurate for detecting congenital cytomegalovirus infection in newborns, researchers found.

Assays using both liquid and dried saliva had high sensitivity and specificity for identifying the infection, with positive predictive values over 90% and negative predictive values at or near 100%, according to Suresh Boppana, MD, of the University of Alabama at Birmingham, and colleagues.

Unlike the standard rapid cultures of saliva and urine samples, the PCR assays can be automated and adapted for widespread screening, which could identify babies who would benefit from early intervention to mitigate the effects on speech and language development of any cytomegalovirus-related hearing loss, the researchers reported in the June 2 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.

Although screening would allow for early identification, the standard culture method performed on saliva or urine samples cannot be automated, which limits utility for large-scale screening. Most infants with congenital cytomegalovirus infection are not identified because the infection is asymptomatic and testing is not routine.

A previous study by Boppana's group showed the dried-blood-spot PCR assays identified fewer than 40% of cytomegalovirus-infected newborns, so the researchers compared real-time PCR assays (using either liquid or dry saliva samples) with rapid culture at seven U.S. hospitals.

Of those screened with the liquid-saliva PCR assay, 85 infants (0.5%) were positive on both rapid culture and the PCR assay. Another eight infants were positive on the PCR assay but not on culture. Of the 34,989 screened, 0.5% were positive for cytomegalovirus using at least one of the three screening methods.

Of the newborns screened with the dried-saliva PCR assay, 76 (0.44%) were positive on rapid culture -- 74 of whom were also positive on the PCR assay. Another eight infants were positive on the PCR assay only. The sensitivity and specificity of the PCR assay were 100% and 99.9%, respectively, and the positive and negative predictive values were 91.4% and 100%, respectively.

The sensitivity and specificity of the PCR assay were 97.4% and 99.9%, respectively, and the positive and negative predictive values were 90.2% and 99.9%, respectively.
Of the 16 infants who were positive on one of the PCR assays, but not on rapid culture, 13 underwent follow-up testing of saliva and urine samples; only three actually had a cytomegalovirus infection.

"Although false-positive saliva PCR results could lead to unwarranted parental anxiety and additional testing in infants to confirm or rule out congenital cytomegalovirus infection, the overall frequency of false-positive results for both liquid-saliva and dried-saliva PCR assays was less than 0.03%," they wrote. Those false-positives may have been the result of cytomegalovirus-containing maternal secretions in the infants' mouths, according to the researchers.

"Nevertheless," they added, "when saliva PCR assay is used to screen newborns, a positive screening result should be confirmed within the first three weeks of age to avoid false-positive screening results."

Although the dried-saliva PCR assay failed to identify two infants who had the infection according to the standard rapid culture -- and the liquid-saliva PCR assay did not miss any -- the researchers suggested that using dried saliva may be preferable for screening.

"The simplified procedures for specimen collection, storage, and transport, combined with the high sensitivity, support dried-saliva PCR assay as a reasonable approach to cytomegalovirus screening in newborns," they wrote.

They acknowledged that the study was limited in that the infants who were found negative on initial testing were not enrolled in follow-up testing to confirm the absence of the infection.

Action Points:

Explain that PCR testing of liquid or dried saliva was able to identify newborns with congenital cytomegalovirus infection with high sensitivity and specificity.
Note that congenital cytomegalovirus infection is usually asymptomatic but can cause hearing loss; currently newborns are not screened for this infection.

Very good Biochemistry book is here for Review

2011-06-02T22:54:00.000-07:00

Lippincott's Illustrated Review

Biochemistry

Authors
By Pamela C.

Champe,
Richard A. Harvey,
Denise R. Ferrier

Description: Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry has been the best-selling medical-level biochemistry review book on the market for the past ten years. The book is beautifully designed and executed, and renders the study of biochemistry enormously appealing to medical students and various allied health students. It has over 125 USMLE-style questions with answers and explanations, as well as over 500 carefully-crafted illustrations. The Third Edition includes end-of-chapter summaries, illustrated case studies, and summaries of key diseases.

About the metabolic fate of the carbon skeleton of amino acids

2011-06-02T22:41:00.001-07:00

An amino acid that yields acetoacetyl CoA during the catabolism of its carbon skeleton would be considered:

a) glycogenic

b) ketogenic

c) glycogenic and ketogenic

d) neither glycogenic nor ketogenic

e) essential

f) non essential

Answer is

Answer: (b) Ketogenic (Since the question only make reference to acetoacetyl CoA, we assume that it is the final product of the catabolism of this amino acid and no glucogenic metabolites are produced.)

Amino acids are used for different purposes in our body. Most of the metabolic pool of amino acids is used as building blocks of proteins, and a smaller proportion is used to synthesize specialized nitrogenated molecules as epinephrine and norepinephrine, neurotransmitters and the precursors of purines and pyrimidines.

Since amino acids can not be stored in the body for later use, any amino acid not required for immediate biosynthetic needs is deaminated and the carbon skeleton is used as metabolic fuel (10-20 % in normal conditions) or converted into fatty acids via acetyl CoA.

The main products of the catabolism of the carbon skeleton of the amino acids are pyruvate, oxalacetate, a-ketoglutarate, succinyl CoA, fumarate, acetyl CoA and acetoacetyl CoA.

When carbohydrates are not available (starvation, fasting) -or cannot be used properly, as in diabetes mellitus, amino acids can become a primary source of energy by oxidation of their carbon skeleton, but also by becoming an important source of glucose for those tissues that only can use this sugar as metabolic fuel.

The formation of glucose from amino acids (gluconeogenesis) in liver and kidney is intensified during starvation and this process becomes the most important source of glucose for the brain, RBC and other tissues.

Amino acids in skeletal proteins can be used, in a situation of prolonged starvation as an “emergency” energy store that can yield 25000 kcal.

Amino acids can be classified according to the metabolic fate of the carbon skeleton in:

- ketogenic,

- glucogenic

- ketogenic and glucogenic

Ketogenics: Amino acids that yield acetyl CoA or acetoacetyl CoA ( e.g. they do not produce metabolites that can be converted in glucose).

Lysine and Leucine are the only amino acids that are exclusively ketogenics.

Glucogenic: Amino acids whose catabolism yields to the formation of Pyruvate or Krebs Cycle metabolites, that can be converted in glucose through gluconeogenesis (Remember the pathway: pyruvate-àoxalacetate-à (P) enol pyruvate…etc.).

Glucogenic amino acids are: Alanine, Arginine, Asparagine, Aspartate, Cysteine, Glutamate, Glycine, Histidine, Methionine, Proline, Serine, and Valine

Glucogenic and ketogenic: Amino acids that yield some products that can become glucose and others that yields acetyl CoA or Acetoacetyl CoA.

Amino acids of this kind are Isoleucine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine and Threonine.

When Tyrosine becomes an essential amino acid

2011-06-02T22:39:00.000-07:00

In patients with PKU, Tyrosine becomes essential, since it is formed from Phenylalanine in the reaction that is impaired in Phenylketonuria.

Additional information:

Most of the textbooks classify amino acids from the nutritional point of view, in two groups: essential or not essential. Essential amino acids are considered those amino acids that can not be synthesized by an organism and so should be consumed in the diet; non essential amino acids are those amino acids that can be synthesized. This classification is not related to the importance of the amino acids, but with the fact of them being required in the diet or not.

According to this classification, the essential amino acids are:

Arginine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine

(Mnemonics: PVT TIM HALL:

Phenylalanine

Valine

Threonine

Tryptophan

Isoleucine

Methionine

Histidine

Arginine

Leucine

Lysine)

Non essential amino acids are:

Alanine, Asparagine, Aspartate, Cysteine, Glutamate, Glutamine, Glycine, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine

Like most facts in biology, this “black and white” classification is not 100 % accurate. Actually, some amino acids are conditionally essential or partially essential, since some “essential” amino acids, like arginine, can be synthesized by the body. Arginine is synthesized in the urea cycle, for example, but it is considered essential since the quantity of Arginine that is synthesized is not enough during the growing process.

Tyrosine is an amino acid that is synthesized in the body from Phenylalanine, that is an essential amino acid. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme Phenylalanine Hydroxylase, that use as cofactor reduced tetrahydobiopterine.

If Phenylalanine is deficient in the diet, then the body requires tyrosine in the diet.

In Phenylketonuria there is an excess of Phenylalanine, since the body can not metabolize it, but Phenylketonuria is a consequence of a deficit of Phenylalanine Hydroxylase (Classic Phenylketonuria) or a deficit of Tetrahydrobiopterin Reductase. In both cases, the organism is not able to synthesize Tyrosine from Phenylalanine, so even when there is an accumulation of Phe in these patients, it can not be used to synthesize Tyrosine.

In fact, some of the signs and symptoms of Phenylketonuria, like mental retardation and other neurological symptoms, have been related to the unavailability of tyrosine for the synthesis of the neurotransmitters that derive from tyrosine.

The lack of pigmentation of PKU patients, has been related also to the lack of tyrosine, since Tyrosine is a precursor of melanine also.

It is obvious that if Tyrosine is formed in normal persons from phenylalanine through the reaction cited above, in case that this reaction can not be produced, like in PKU, it is necessary to supplement the patient with Tyrosine, since the patient can not synthesize it, so Tyrosine becomes an essential amino acid for these patients

Here is the first man to be cured of HIV- AIDS

2011-06-02T01:59:00.001-07:00

Timothy Ray Brown, 45, from San Francisco Bay Area, is in the news – as the first man cured of HIV- AIDS. “I think so,” he calmly tells his interviewers who ask if he actually is cured.

Brown has been facing cameras, gun mikes and diagnostic kits ever since the publication of a research paper on his unique case in the journal Blood in December 2010.

The researchers led by Kristina Allers and Gero Hutter at Charite University Medicine Berlindocumented what can be dubbed as a miracle.

The successful reconstitution of a set of white blood cells that the HIV eats up in Brown’s body is a “very rare” occurrence, they noted.

Brown, who was tested HIV back in 1995 in Germany, was later diagnosed with another disease — leukaemia or blood cancer that involves an abnormal increase in white blood cell.

He was treated with bone marrow stem cell transplant — a cure for blood cancer. The stem cells came from a donor with a rare gene mutation that involves immunity to HIV — again a rare occurrence.

The mechanism involved special white blood cells called CD4+ helper T cells. When a dangerous material like a bacterium or a virus is detected in the body, immune cells immediately stimulate these special cells.

The helper T cells further activate and direct other immune cells to fight the disease. HIV specifically attacks helper T cells, making the body unable to launch a counter offensive against invaders.

Hence, AIDS patients suffer from other lethal infections. The researchers in Berlin showed that after stem cell therapy Brown’s body had reconstitution of CD4+ T cells at a systemic level and specifically in his gut mucosal immune system.

“While the patient remains without any sign of HIV infection,” they wrote. Brown has quit taking his HIV medication. The secret is that if the white cells could be manipulated to a state in which they are no longer infected or infectable by HIV that would mean a functional cure.

Researchers, however, have warned that though the study offers promise, it is not a surefire cure from the dreaded disease — transplants are risky, and this involved a very rare transplant. Brown is a rather lucky man. He said in a recent interview that appeared in the San Francisco media about his cure: “It makes me very happy — very, very happy.”

Scientists create synthetic brain cell

2011-06-02T01:57:00.001-07:00

Researchers have for the first time created a synthetic synapse circuit whose behaviour duplicates the function of a brain cell.

A synapse is a junction that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another nerve or brain cell.

The team, led by professors Alice Parker and Chongwu Zhou at the University of Southern California Viterbi School of Engineering, combined circuit design with nanotechnology to address the complex problem of capturing brain function.

Carbon nanotubes are molecular carbon structures a million times smaller than a pencil point. These nanotubes can be used in electronic circuits, acting as metallic conductors or semiconductors, according to a California statement.

'This is a necessary first step in the process,' said Parker, who began looking at the possibility of developing a synthetic brain in 2006. 'We wanted to answer the question: Can you build a circuit that would act like a neuron? The next step is even more complex.'

'How can we build structures out of these circuits that mimic the function of the brain, which has 100 billion neurons and 10,000 synapses per neuron?'

Parker emphasized that the actual development of a synthetic brain, or even a functional brain area is decades away.

The human brain continually produces new neurons, makes new connections and adapts throughout life, and creating this process through analog circuits will be a monumental task, according to Parker.

She believes the breakthrough could have long-term implications for everything -- from developing prosthetic nanotechnology to heal traumatic brain injuries to developing intelligent, safe cars that would protect drivers in bold new ways.

These findings were presented at the IEEE/NIH 2011 Life Science Systems and Applications Workshop in the US.

WHO says cell phone use can cause brain cancer

2011-06-02T01:48:00.000-07:00

LONDON (Reuters) - Using a mobile phone may increase the risk of certain types of brain cancer in humans and consumers should consider ways of reducing their exposure, World Health Organisation (WHO) cancer experts said on Tuesday.

A working group of 31 scientists from 14 countries meeting at the WHO's International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) said a review of all the available scientific evidence suggested cell phone use should be classified as "possibly carcinogenic".

The classification could prompt the U.N. health body to look again at its guidelines on mobile phones, the IARC scientists said, but more research is needed before a more definitive answer on any link can be given.

The WHO had previously said there was no established evidence for a link between cell phone use and cancer.

"After reviewing essentially all the evidence that is relevant ... the working group classified radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans," Jonathan Samet, chair of the IARC group, said in a telebriefing.

He said some evidence suggested a link between an increased risk for glioma, a type of brain cancer, and mobile phone use.

The decision comes after a study published last year which looked at almost 13,000 cell phone users over 10 years found no clear answer on whether the mobile devices cause brain tumours.

The decision has been keenly awaited by mobile phone companies and by campaign groups who have raised concerns about whether cell phones might be harmful to health.

Use of cell phones use has increased dramatically since their introduction in the early-to-mid 1980s. About 5 billion mobile phones are currently in use worldwide.

(Reporting by Kate Kelland, editing by Alison Williams)

What is Chelation Therapy

2011-06-02T01:32:00.000-07:00

Chelation therapy is the method that is used to remove toxic heavy metals. The heavy metals that this is most commonly associated with are mercury, lead and arsenic. There are of course approved as well as alternative methods of chelation therapy. The ones that are approved involve the use of dimercaptosuccinic acid.This is the primary item that is used in the removal of these heavy metals from an individual’s bloodstream.

In essence it works as a filter to help remove these harmful toxins from the bloodstream of the person who is affected. There are of course other items that are in use as chelating agents as well. Each of these will have different results based on the metals that they are used to treat. It is not always a successful method for treating the toxins that are in one’s system; however it is a method that has met success in the past.

The alternative medicine methods are also believed to be useful, but are not approved by any organization as far as medicine is concerned. The item most widely believed to be effective as a chelating agent is cilantro. It is believed to aid with heart disease as well as the removal of lead, arsenic and mercury.

Golden opportunity for M.Sc Biochemistry to join Healthy life pharma pvt ltd as QC Executive

2011-06-02T01:30:00.000-07:00

Healthy Life Pharma (P) Limited is acknowledged world wide at pharma horizon, providing a broad range of pharmaceutical formulation to cope with the necessity of ailing humanity. With its headquarter at Mumbai (India), Healthy Life Pharma holds expertise in offering different formulations that include injectable, tablets and latest drug delivery systems. Healthy Life Pharma (P) Limited is the flagship company of Shah Group, founded by Mr. Manu Shah in 1976. An encouraging leader and inspiring personality, Mr. Shah has continuously looked forward to shape the group companies into huge and dynamic enterprise.

Company mfg all Solid Formulation Products, WHO & ISO certified. Factory is located at the Tarapur (boisar). Company is Manufacture all kind Pharmaceutical Formulation and major is with Exports.

Desired Candidate Profile : Basic with QC department, testing process, good in writing and communication skills, accuracy during testing

Job Description : Daily chemical analysis, sampling, documents, instrument handling
Experience : 1-5 years
Location : Tarapur
Education : M.Sc Biochemistry

Contact Details :

Healthy life pharma pvt ltd

Executive Name : ms bhakti shah

Email Address : info@healthypharma.com

Deadline : 26.06.2011

What are omega-3 fatty acids

2011-05-24T22:06:00.000-07:00

Definition
Essential for human health, omega-3 fatty acids are a form of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are produced by the body and must be obtained in the diet of a person.

Purpose
The consumption of foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids is part of a healthy diet and help people maintain their health.

Description
In recent years, much attention has focused on the value of a diet low in fat. In some cases. People in this opinion to the extreme by adopting a diet low in fat, or worse, a regime that has no fat, but the truth is that not all fats are bad. Although trans fats and saturated fats found in large amounts in red meat, butter, whole milk and some canned foods, have proven that the person's total cholesterol, polyunsaturated fatty acids may play a role in maintaining low cholesterol . Two are particularly good omega-3 and omega-6, which are polyunsaturated.

Two types of omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and decosahexaenoic acid (DHA), found primarily in fish from cold water and hydrocarbons, such as tuna, salmon, trout, herring, sardines, bass, swordfish and mackerel. With the exception of algae, most plants do not contain EPA and DHA. However, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), another type of omega-3 fatty acids found in green leafy vegetables, flaxseed, fish oil, canola oil, nuts, beans and nuts, and soybeans. The enzymes in the body of a person can convert ALA into EPA and DHA, the two types of omega-3 fatty acids and used by the body.

Many experts agree that it is important for a healthy balance between omega-3 and omega-6 to maintain. As Dr. Penny Kris-Etherton and colleagues reported in an article published in the American Journal of Nutrition, excessive intake of omega-6 fatty acids results in a change in diet unhealthy American diet. The authors note that it was a 1:1 ratio of omega-3 and omega-6, is now estimated at a ratio of 10:1. This poses a problem, researchers said, because eating some of the benefits of omega-3 acids are denied by an excessive intake of omega-6 fatty acids. For example, omega-3 fatty acids, anti-inflammatory, while omega-6 fatty acids tend to promote inflammation. Oils, cereals, bread, margarine and vegetable oils such as corn, peanut and sunflower oil are examples of omega-6 fatty acids. In addition, people consume omega-6 fatty acids simply by eating meat from animals fed with grains rich in omega-6 fatty acids. Some experts suggest that drinking 1-4 times more omega-6 fatty acids omega 3, which is a fair share. In other words, often nutrition experts say the key to a healthy diet is moderation and balance.

The health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids
there is strong evidence that omega-3 fatty acids a person against atherosclerosis andtherefore against heart disease and stroke, arrhythmia, cardiac and sudden cardiac death, and possibly autoimmune diseases like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis protection issues. Indeed. The doctors Dean Ornish and Mehmet Oz, renowned heart specialist, according to a 2002 article published in the journal, the benefits of consuming adequate daily dose of omega-3 fatty acids may contribute to sudden cardiac death is reduced by almost 50 %. In fact, in an article in American Family Physician, Dr. Maggie Covington, assistant clinical professor at the University of Maryland, also emphasized the value of health and tocardiovascular omega-3 refers to a major clinical trial to date, the GISSI-Prevenzione, To illustrate his point of view. In the study, 11,324 patients with coronary artery disease into four groups: one received 300 mg of vitamin E, a group of 850 mg of omega-3 fatty acids was one group received vitamin E and fatty acids, and a control group served as . After a little over three years, "the group that the omega-3 had only a 45% reduction in sudden death and a 20% reduction in mortality from all causes" Dr. Covington.

According to the American Heart Association (AHA) and the omega-3 fatty acids can reduce heart disease is still under investigation. However, the AHA says that research shows that omega-3:

Reduce the risk of arrthythmias which can lead to sudden cardiac death
Decreased triglycerides
To reduce the growth of atherosclerotic plaque
Low blood pressure slightly

In fact, several studies have shown that a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids not only the bad cholesterol known as LDL, but also reduced triglycerides, the fatty substance that circulates in the blood. Interestingly, researchers found that cholesterol Inuit tend to be very good, despite the fact that they have a diet high in fat. The reason for this research found that diets rich in fatty fish are full of omega-3 fatty acids. The same has been said many times over the Mediterranean-style diet.

Are said to reduce inflammation in the joints, more omega-3 fatty acids have been the subject of numerous studies trying to validate its efficacy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to a lot of research on supplements of omega-3 fatty acids are clearly effective in reducing symptoms associated with rheumatoid arthritis, such as softness and stiffness. In some cases, reducing the amount of drug in patients with rheumatoid arthritis found.

More research is needed on the effectiveness of omega-3 to improve the treatment of eating disorders, the attention deficit disorder and depression. Some studies have shown that children with behavioral problems and ADHD is less than the normal amount of omega-3 fatty acids in their bodies. But until more data on these key areas to be a conservative approach, particularly when changes in the diet of a child. Parents should talk with your child's pediatrician to determine whether to add more omega-3 fatty acids to feed your child is eligible. In addition, parents of special care to avoid feeding their children fish rich in mercury. The list of foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids can be obtained from a nutritionist.

The mercury content and security
media attention focused on the high concentrations of mercury in some fish. People who deal with the content of fish consumption and mercury can consult public opinion on the subject published by the U.S. Organization and Drug Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency. special precautions for children and pregnant or nursing. They are informed about sharks, mackerel, swordfish and tilefish occur. However, both the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency, stressed the importance of subsistence fishing. Fish, warn not to be removed from the diet. In fact, said Robert Oh, MD, in his 2005 paper, published in the Journal of the American Board of Family Practice "The potential health benefits of fish, women of childbearing age are encouraged to eat 1-2 meals of low-mercury fish a week. "

other security problems were also reported fish. In 2004, Hites and colleagues assessed the salmon organic pollutants in an article published in the journal Science. They concluded that farmed salmon had higher levels of public interest of polychlorinated wild salmon and a response from the American Cancer Society is desired. Fish farming in Europe is at higher levels of mercury in salmon in North America and South America, but American Cancer Society said the levels "of toxic Hites and his colleagues found in salmon is even lower than the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, which regulates food, sounds dangerous. "The American Cancer Society continues to promote a healthy and varied diet that includes fish as a food source.

The recommended dose
AHA recommends that people with two servings of fish such as tuna or salmon for lunch at least twice a week. A person with coronary disease, according to the AHA, should consume one gram of omega-3 fatty acids per day through food intake, preferably fatty fish consumption. AHA also says that "people with high triglyceride levels may be 2 to 4 grams of EPA and DHA in a daily supplement is a liquid orcapsule. Broken or crushed flaxseed can be easily incorporated into the diet of a person spray salads, soups and cereals.

Several sources, but here are some common examples:

3 grams of pickled herring = 1.2 grams of omega-3 fatty acids
3 oz salmon = 1.3 grams of omega-3 fatty acids
3 ounces of halibut = 1.0 grams of omega-3
3 ounces of mackerel = 1.6 grams of omega-3

1 teaspoon 1 / 2 cup = 3 grams of flaxseed omega-3 fatty acids

Precautions
In early 2004, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration of the Environmental Protection Agency issued a statement that women who are pregnant or may be, and nursing mothers and children should avoid eating certain species of fish oil contains high levels of mercury. Fish in general, high levels of mercury are swordfish, shark and mackerel, and shrimp, canned light tuna, salmon and catfish are generally low in mercury. How many people go fishing as a hobby, she must be secured before eating fish caught by family and friends to the stream or lake is considered low in mercury.

There is conflicting information, if it is safe for patients with macular degeneration in omega-3 fatty acids taken in supplement form. Until more data become available, it is preferable for people with macular degeneration associated with its omega-3 fatty acids to receive the food they eat.

Side effects
The fish oil supplements can cause diarrhea and gas. The fish oil capsules tend to have a taste of the fish.

Interaction
Although no significant drug interactions associated with the consumption of foods containing omega-3 fatty acids, patients treated with anticoagulants should not omega-3 supplements without consulting your doctor. Can cause excessive bleeding. For the same reason, some patients requiring more than 3 grams of omega-3 fatty acids in supplement form must seek prior approval from your doctor.

Fever is good paracetamol is bad

2011-05-24T21:39:00.000-07:00

Doctors often prescribe paracetamol when their patients have fever. I often fall below the body temperature of 38.0 degrees Celsius. Honestly, when we are sick, you better have a fever. Sounds like a myth to you? Am I wrong? Are you surprised by what I said?

Pathogens (bacteria, virus) and a normal body temperature of 37.0 degrees Celsius in general optimized. Similarly, if you are a chicken hatching, the temperature is 37.0 degrees Celsius. If you grow an agar plate with the bacteria E. coli, the temperature is 37.0 degrees Celsius.

After looking at the numbers, I concluded that life is more suited to mammals 37.0 degrees Celsius. You can also indirectly imply that viruses and bacteria multiply rapidly at 37 degrees Celsius. The use of paracetamol lowers body temperature to 37 degrees Celsius, which is the growth of bacteria and influenza virus.

If you have a fever, our body temperature rises. The brain acts like a thermostat to regulate temperature, depending on the seriousness of our condition. This review of body temperature due to the production of smoke to destroy pathogens. High fever slow down the enzymes that kills bacteria. Off when our body temperature rises. Temperature rated speed the body's defense, strengthen the interaction between white blood cells with pathogens.

Take medication for fever, actually gives your body a chance to get slower. When paracetamol is broken down into its metabolites in the liver, is preparing excreted by the body, this metabolite is toxic to cells. You are only required to eat when acetaminophen fever over 38 degrees Celsius. This is due to the temperature at 39 degrees Celsius can cause further brain damage due to the inability of the enzyme in the brain to work.

Doctors often recommend us to 2 tablets (1000 mg), paracetamol only eat once every six hours. In my own research and study only eating 1000 mg of acetaminophen if the fever is high. If you have a weakness for the average degree of fever, I recommend a tablet (500 mg) of acetaminophen every four hours to consume.

First, the half-life of drugs and the secretary of more effective drugs. As you can see that the frequency of consumption of the same amount of medicine every six hours (if you have two pills, eats 6 hours), compared to 8 hours (if you eat 2 tablets 4 hours).

Second, the stress of his liver to less toxic metabolite of acetaminophen separation.

If you do not trust me, that fever is beneficial or harmful, go directly to a Google search. For your information, all temperatures shown above are accurate only if the temperature under the tongue to measure.

House made hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium hypochlorous acid

2011-05-24T20:33:00.000-07:00

This experience, I tried today and was very successful. These are chemicals that I find in my kitchen - baking powder, sodium chloride, acetic acid.

I want to hypochlorous acid, but this acid is very difficult to obtain in pure form for me to become contaminated. First, get a bucket of water and add as much as possible until the sodium chloride is no more, can be solved faster results. Then connect the positive of the battery in a carbon rod and negative for the carbon rod. We use carbon (graphite), and it does not break in electrolysis. (IMPORTANT: Make sure the two carbon rods are not connected, a short circuit be dangerous, the car battery is capable of producing 30 amps of current if you do not realize how strong it is).

Now add a membrane (paper) between two electrodes. Be sure the water does not deviate from left to right; otherwise the experience will be a complete failure. After this step, place the electrode and the electrolysis started. If you want more salt, electrolysis done to remove sodium chloride.

After the experiment, to create an equivalent amount of fluid from the right side of the membrane and the membrane is left without any alteration of the water. Pour the solution into the right place for container and the container is left to the left. In the positive electrode. The uptake of oxygen and chlorine gas, chlorine reacts with water to form hydrochloric and hypochlorous acid (chlorine weak acid) to form. Great, you've done to make a mixture of hypochlorous acid solution.

If you want to make hydrochloric acid, hypochlorous acid, put the mixture in the hot sun, and now produces hydrochloric acid, oxygen gas, but the output to the environment.

The other side of the electrode to produce caustic soda, which can be used in many chemical reactions or react with the acid to form sodium chloride.

What if no one in his membrane electrolysis. You get NaOCl (alkaline solution) or NaOCl3 if temperatures exceed 40 degrees Celsius. Using a pH indicator Cool, we show that all these chemicals are produced correctly.

Also sodium carbonate by heating sodium bicarbonate. Besides heating to about 1000 degrees Celsius to obtain sodium. We also have sodium acetate or sodium IUPAC name.

When healthy pH balance

2011-05-24T20:26:00.000-07:00

What is the pH?

pH stands for potential hydrogen. PH of a solution is to measure the concentration of hydrogen ions. The higher the pH the more alkaline and oxygen rich liquid. The higher pH, more acidic and oxygen deprived the fluid. The pH range of 0-14, with 7.0 neutral. Indicator above 7.0 is alkaline, and below 7.0 is considered acidic.

Our blood pH has a very narrow range around 7.35 to 7.45. If the pH in our body deviates from this series, are symptoms of disease or illness. If our blood pH falls 6.8 or 7.8, to stop our cells function, and death occurs.

A healthy body has a pH of blood is approximately equal to the acidity and alkalinity. The ideal pH balance is 7.4, which means it is more alkaline than acid. Only when the pH is the balance that our body can actually vitamins, minerals and supplements to assimilate. Therefore, determining the pH of our body as well.

An acid pH body is more vulnerable to disease. In acid, red blood cells are not repel and stick like a stack of coins are called roller exercises. This configuration limits the amount of oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells sandwiched between the two ends are pressed against each other and therefore can not carry oxygen. reduction of oxygen causes energy, fatigue and weakness low, to name a few symptoms. Moreover, cancer cells are working in an environment without oxygen (anaerobic) much better than in an oxygenated environment.

The importance of maintaining an optimal pH is a critical factor in treating internal contamination with suitable soil for cancer and a variety of inflammatory diseases discouraged. Most of these conditions worsen in an acidic environment. They do not do well in an acid environment.

What happens when the body is too acidic? Acid:

1. Decrease the body's ability to absorb minerals and other nutrients

2. Decreased energy in cells

3. Decrease the body's ability to repair damaged cells

4. Decrease the body's ability to detoxify heavy metals

5. tumor cells can grow

6. Make the body more susceptible to fatigue and illness.

Some people who have a high acid content tend to have symptoms such as anxiety, diarrhea, dilated pupils, extroverted behavior, fatigue in early morning, headaches, hyperactivity, hypersexuality, insomnia, nervousness, palpitations, restless legs, trouble breath, strong appetite, high blood pressure, warm hands and feet dry.

In most cases, the agency acids due to a diet rich in fatty acids, emotional stress, toxic overload and / or immune reactions or a process that cells deprived of oxygen and other nutrients. When this happens, the body tries to compensate for acidic pH by using alkaline minerals like calcium. Therefore, the calcium in bones and osteoporosis.

Acidosis, with more time in the acid pH state, can cause arthritis, diabetes, lupus, tuberculosis, osteoporosis, hypertension and other forms of cancer.

Two important factors that lead to cancer, is an acid pH and lack of oxygen. Therefore, we can measure these two factors for cancer prevention and control to manipulate?

Everyone knows that cancer should be an acid and hypoxic survive and thrive. Research has shown that patients with terminal cancer 1,000 times more acidic than normal healthy people. The vast majority of patients with terminal cancer has a very acidic pH. Why is this the case?

The reason is simple. Without oxygen, glucose is fermented lactic acid. This ensures that the pH of the cell to drop to 7.0. In most cases of advanced cancer, decreased to pH 6.5. Sometimes, the lowest level of 6.0 and 5.7 or less. The fundamental truth is that our bodies simply can not fight disease if our pH is unbalanced.

Normal human cells are slightly alkaline and has an abundance of molecular oxygen. Cancer cells are acidic and can not survive in an oxygenated environment. Therefore, we conclude that the pH balance is very important for health, especially for patients with cancer.

pH indicators are the number one exponent of 10 The small difference in pH will result in a significant difference in the number of oxygen or OH-ions. A difference of one to a pH value means ten times the difference in the number of OH-ions. A difference of 2 means one hundred times the difference in the number of OH-ions. In other words contain the blood with a pH of 7.45 64.9% more oxygen in the blood with a pH of 7.30.

1. Saliva pH Test
Simply wet a piece of paper with your saliva decisive two hours after a meal and gives a reflection of your health.

Although saliva is usually more acidic than blood, a good indicator of health. Tell your body again. PH of saliva is a good indicator of the health of extracellular fluids and their alkaline mineral reserves.

The optimal pH for saliva is between 6.4 to 6.8. A reading below 6.4 means that there is sufficient alkaline reserves. After lunch, the increase in saliva pH 7.8 or higher. If there is no prize, which means your body is the lack of alkaline minerals, especially calcium and magnesium. The food is not absorbed and assimilated well. To deviate from ideal salivary pH for the disease take a long time.

If the pH of saliva is still low, we need more vegetables, fruit and mineral water and avoid strong acids, such as soda, wheat and red meat to maintain balance.

2. PH testing of urine
PH of urine is an indication of how the body's blood pH to maintain the good. This reflects the efforts made by the body through the kidneys, adrenals, lungs and gonads of buffer salts and hormones. The urine also shows the alkaline building (anabolic) and acid destruction (catabolism) cycles. By collecting urine samples, one can determine a fairly accurate picture of the chemistry of our body as the kidneys filter out the buffer salts of pH regulation and provide values based on the body to eliminate. Urine pH can vary from 4.5 to 9.0, but still within the ideal range is 5.8 to 6.8.

To raise the alkalinity in the blood, eat these foods: almonds, aloe vera, apples, apricots, bee pollen, wheat, cabbage, cantaloupe, celery, carrots, cucumbers, dairy products except hard cheese, dates, vegetables, eggs poached figs, grapes, honey, lettuce, corn, parsley, grapes, peaches, fresh red potatoes, pineapple, soy, kale, boiled spinach, turnip greens, miso soup, wakame, azuki beans, rice and mineral water.

Finally, the balance of your pH is an important step for optimal health and better health. Acidosis is the main cause of the disease of calcium deficiency. After many studies, scientists can conclude that the health of human body fluids are alkaline (high pH), while the patient's body fluids containing (low pH) acid should have.

Chromosomes and mitochondria

2011-05-24T20:18:00.001-07:00

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Because human chromosomes in pairs?

Each pair of chromosomes is called. homologous chromosomes means that the same length and their centromeres are in the same situation that followed the same pattern of light and dark bands when displaying colors, and carry the genes of the same hereditary characteristics in line in the chromosome in the same order .

Among the 23 pairs of chromosomes, the male sex chromosomes, only because they are heterogeneous XY chromosomes, while females had a couple who are XX. Is the Y chromosome, which is of great importance to the genealogist, because, as one passes from father to son virtually unchanged, is a nickname for a signature or fingerprint that is sent in the same way in many cultures.

Now that you've learned something about human chromosomes, but chromosome not only documents containing DNA. Now, also known as mitochondrial DNA, which is essential for cell growth.

Mitochondria are small, ranging from 0.002 to 0.008 mm in length, where data can only be seen by electron microscopy. Mitochondria are the power in our cells to produce energy for the reaction and metabolism. Let me give an example in the role of mitochondria in human cells. When you eat carbohydrates, which break and finally converted into glucose. energy release from mitochondria of glucose to fuel cells.

Mitochondria contain a small amount of DNA used for the manufacture of thirteen of the proteins that are necessary for its business. Mutations in the coding region of the proteins in the mitochondrial DNA can cause a variety of diseases in humans, usually with neuromuscular dysfunction, or certain forms of diabetes.

Of interest to the genealogist (among others) is that all mitochondria come from a person of his mother. Although the sperm tail is full of energy for mitochondria his long journey to the tail of egg and sperm mitochondria in the design and not by the oocyte. That is why all mitochondria in the fertilized egg of the mother of one.

Each cell contains thousands of copies of mitochondrial DNA, but only a set of chromosomal DNA.

GM tomatoes are genetically engineered purple tomatoes

2011-05-14T02:34:00.001-07:00

Scientists have grown genetically engineered purple tomatoes in an unusual effort to promote healthy eating habits. Tomato has two genes from the snapdragon flower to give a compound called anthocyanin (a chemical used to make pH indicator), the purple pigment found in high concentrations in fruits such as currants and expression blueberries.

Previous research has shown that anthocyanins protect against certain cancers, cardiovascular disease and degenerative diseases, and can also be a barrier to infection of obesity and diabetes. The study, published online Sunday in the journal Nature Biotechnology, published by the London-based Nature Publishing Group.

Researcher Cathie Martin John Innes Centre, a biotechnology institute in Norwich, eastern England, said the point behind the purple tomatoes was to strengthen health systems. Most people do not eat five servings of fruits and vegetables a day, but it may benefit those who eat more fruits and vegetables are so common in many bioactive substances will be developed.

After creating the purple tomatoes in the laboratory, the team tested the products on mice that were engineered to be susceptible to cancer. Rats fed high anthocyanin tomatoes showed a significant prolongation of life.

How to remove algae in your aquarium

2011-05-14T01:54:00.000-07:00

Algae are an unwanted problem that may appear in your tank, if you do not mind. There are different types of algae, and each requires special treatment. First, decide which type you have. Most tropical fish tanks of algae, to some extent, but is considered shameful is when to go. Here are the steps required to remove algae in your aquarium.

Brown Algae

Brown algae are easy to detect. It seems unclear brown mud bottom and sides of your tank. Usually cling to rocks, gravel and decorations. Although the economy is not going to contribute to the lighting to get rid of this alga, here are some things you can do: To reduce the amount of protein in the aquarium: this means reducing the amount of food you feed your fish. These algae are stimulated by proteins, so read the instructions of their fish, so they have enough food without them.

Keep it clean: Clean the filter regularly and gravel and change water frequently.
American Flag Fish and Siamese algae eaters: This feed on algae, to buy some of these will clear your aquarium very quickly. Nitrate and phosphate: Make sure that the content of nitrates and phosphates are not too high.

Green algae
Although you can expect a certain amount of green algae in the aquarium is very easy to get paddling. Here are some steps that will help: Reduction of the protein in the tank: Reduce nutrients in your aquarium. By reducing the amount of fish you should pay attention to the appearance of the fish. Your body should be slightly rounded, thin, not flat. Buy a large quantity of algae eaters: We will do a good job of cleaning algae.

blue-green algae
blue-green algae is not really an algae, but a type of bacteria called cyanobacteria. It looks tacky and comes in various shades of blue-green. This can be very toxic to fish, so be careful to keep them under control.

Scoop: Most are suspended "plates" in the water. Removal is fairly easy, but be careful because it has a tendency to return. Block the light: Try this for a week and every day to remove the dead algae. Your plants will recover, do not worry if they are not very good.

Add new bacteria: Viewing these additional proteins and pellets bacteria to remove ammonia and water when using water.

Care: Clean regularly, make sure the filter is not clogged, and maintain the pipes. fluorescent lighting help create a good balance between plants and bacteria in your aquarium.

Green water
Green water is a specific type of algae floating in the water. It's so bad it can be difficult even for fish. Green because of the quality of your water or excess light (usually sunlight) of water.

Try the following:
Block the sun: the tank cover a few days a week. Use a fine strainer usually quite generic in the rough. Replaced by a thinner and keep it closed.

Keep the tank
Generally clean the tank regularly, change the water often and keep your aquarium in direct sunlight. These are just some good general preventive measures that are required for your tank without problems. It will take time and require attention, but with a tank of good health will be worth the effort.

ANDHRA UNIVERSITY COMMON ENTRANCE TEST (AUCET) 2011

2011-03-24T20:27:00.000-07:00

For Adikavi Nannayya University, Andhra University & Dr.B.R.Ambedkar University, Srikakulam

NOTIFICATION

Applications are invited in the prescribed proforma from the candidates who have passed or are appearing for the final year examination in the qualifying degree for admission into the following UG / PG courses for the academic year 2011-2012 offered by AKNU, AU & Dr.BRAU Campuses and affiliated colleges through AUCET-2011.

THROUGH ENTRANCE TEST:

Andhra University :

M.Sc.:Biochemistry, Biotechnology, *Agricultural Biotechnology, Botany, Horticulture & Landscape Management, Chemistry (Analytical, Bio-Inorganic, Analysis of Foods, Drugs and Water, Environmental, Inorganic, Marine, Nuclear, Organic, Physical), Applied Chemistry, Environmental Sciences, Computer Science and Statistics, Electronics, Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics, Geography, Geology, Marine Geology, Human Genetics, Marine Biology and Fisheries, *Coastal Aquaculture and Marine Biotechnology, Marine Biotechnology, Applied Mathematics, Microbiology, Physics, *Space Physics, Nuclear Physics, Meteorology, Physical Oceanography, Marine Geophysics, Hydrology, Statistics, Zoology, Fishery Science, Computer Science; M.Sc.(Tech.) (3 years): Geophysics, Applied Geology, Electronics & Instrumentation, *VLSI Design, *DSP&ESD; M.A./M.Sc.: Mathematics, Anthropology, M.A.: Adult & Continuing Education, Applied Economics, Economics, English, Hindi, Ancient History & Archeology, History, Human Rights & Duties, Philosophy, Political Science, Public Administration, Psychology, Sanskrit, Social Work, Sociology, Telugu; M.Com., M.F.C (Master of Finance & Control) M.L.I.Sc., M.J.M.C., M.H.R.M., M.Ed., M.P.Ed., B.F.A., 5 - Year Integrated M.S. Science & Arts courses: M.S. Applied Chemistry, M.S. Geology, M.S. Economics. 5 Year Dual Degree Programmes in Engineering (B.E. + M.E./B.Tech.+M.Tech) Civil, Mechanical, Electrical, ECE, Computer Science & Systems Engineering (Software), Computer Science & Information Technology ; Twinning Programmes in B.Engg. Aircraft Engg (4 years) and B.E.Electro Mechanical Engineering (4 years).

Adi Kavi Nannayya University

M.Sc.: Organic Chemistry; Geoinformatics; Zoology (Animal Biology & Biotechnology); M.A.: English; Social Work; Psychology.; 5 Years Integrated Science Courses: M.S. Mathematics & Computing; Petroleum Exploration; Biotechnology; Microbiology. Economics.

Dr.B.R. Ambedkar University

M.Sc.: Biotechnology; Organic Chemistry; Mathematics; M.Sc. Tech.: Geology/Geophysics.; M.A.: Economics; English; Social Work; Rural Development; B.Ed. Special Education (Mental Retardation); M.Com, MLISc. M.Ed.

WITHOUT ENTRANCE TEST

ANDRHA UNIVERSITY

M.Tech.: Atmospheric Science, Ocean Sciences, Petroleum Exploration, M.A.: Women Studies (for women only), Music, Dance, M.Sc./M.A.Quantitative Economics.

Application forms with Information Brochure can be had from : (A) The Principals of (i) AU College of Science & Technology, (ii) AU College of Arts & Commerce, (iii) AU College of Engineering (A), (iv). AU Study Center, Govt College (Men), Srikakulam, (v). AU P.G.Center, Kakinada, (vi). AU Study Center, Govt.College (A) Rajahmundry, (vii). AU Study Center, Sir CRR College (A), Eluru, (Viii). AU Study Center, Satavahana College, Seetarampuram Vijayawada, (ix). AU Study Center, A.C.College, Guntur, and (B) The Registrar, Dr.B.R.Ambedkar University, Srikakulam, Etcherla.on payment of Rs.300/-.

Applications can also be had by post from The Director, by sending a D.D. for Rs.350/- (including Rs.50/- for Postage) drawn on any Nationalised Bank in favour of "THE DIRECTOR, AUCET, DIRECTORATE OF ADMISSIONS" payable at Visakhapatnam before 21-03-2011. Cheques, Challans, Money orders, Postal orders etc., will not be accepted. Candidates should submit a separate application for each Test, or a Course without test. The filled-in applications should reach the undersigned in person or by registered post on or before 5 P.M. on 30-03-2011. Late applications will be accepted with a fine of Rs.500/- upto 5 P.M. on 08-04-2011 and with a fine of Rs.1,000/- upto 5 P.M. on 20-04-2011 and the Candidates applying during this period will be allotted Visakhapatnam centre only.

* Some seats will be filled on All India basis.

Note: 1) 15% supernumerary seats in each course are available to Foreign Students without entrance test.

2) 5% supernumerary seats in each course are available to students outside A.P.

3) Mere appearance at the entrance test does not entitle a candidate for admission

into a course unless the stipulated eligibility criteria and conditions are satisfied.

IMPORTANT DATES

1. Commencement of sale of applications : 28-02-2011

2. Last date for receipt of filled-in applications without fine : 30-03-2011

3. Last date for receipt of filled-in applications with a fine of Rs.500/- : 08-04-2011

4. Last date for Sale & receipt of filled-in applications with a fine of Rs.1,000/- : 20-04-2011

5. Schedule of PG Entrance Tests (Tentative) : 27-04-2011 to 01-05-2011

6. Date of Entrance test for 5- Year integreted Programmes : 15-05-2011

Prof. O. ANIEL KUMAR,
Director, Directorate of Admissions, Vijayanagar Palace,
Lawson's Bay Colony(PO), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-17.
Tel: 0891-2573441 and 2706928;
www.andhrauniversity.info/doa/index.html

AUCET Biochemistry Old Papers Free Download

Pondicherry University PG Admission Notice 2011 PG, M.Phil, Phd, PG Diploma M.A., M.Sc, M.Tech, MBA Programmes

2011-03-11T07:51:00.000-08:00

Pondicherry University, one of the fastest growing central universities in the country, with eminent faculty and cutting edge facilities invites students from across the world to study and research in a highly stimulating and tranquil environment. Sprawled our nearly 800 acres of wi-fi enabled green campus nestled on the shores of Bay of Bengal, the main campus is located at RV Nagar, Kalapet, 10 km from Puducherry town, a bustling tourist centre known for its history and spiritual heritage

Post graduate, M.Phil, Doctoral programmes

The university offers several unique advantages

The choice based credit system offers sufficient flexibility and options for enterprising students

Thirty two add-on diploma and certificate programmes are run in the evening hours

Ph.D students can choose supervisors from institutions anywhere in the country or abroad for research guidance as per regulation

Courses offered

M.A.: Anthropology, Applied Economics, English and comparative Literature, French (Translation and Interpretation), Hindi, History, Mass Communication, Philosophy, Politics and International Relations, Sanskrit, Sociology, South Asian Studies, Tamil

M.Sc: Applied Geology, Applied Psychology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Biotechnology, Chemical Sciences, Coastal Disaster Management (at Port Blair, Andamans), Computational Biology, Computer Science, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Electronic Media, Food Science and Nutrition, Food Science and Technology, Marine Biology (at Port Blair, Andamans), Mathematics, Microbiology, Physics, Statistics

M.Sc (five year integrated programme) (a rare opportunity for +2 students): Applied Geology, Chemistry, Computer Science, Economics, Mathematics, Physics, Statistics

M.Tech: Computer Science and Engineering, Electronics, Environmental Engineering and Management, Exploration Geosciences, Green Energy Technology, Nano Sciences and Technology, Network and Internet Engineering

MBA: Banking Technology, Insurance Management (only in Karaikal campus), International Business, Tourism

MCA (at Puducherry and Karaikal), MLIS (Master of Library and Information Science),

MPA (Master of Performing Arts), MSW (Master of Social Work), M.Com (Business Finance at Puducherry and Karaikal), M.Com (Accounting and Taxation), M.Ed (Master of Education), M.P.Ed (Master of Physical Education)

PG Diploma: Asian Christian Studies

M.Phil: Anthropology, Asian Christian Studies, Chemistry, Commerce, Drama and Theatre Arts, Economics, English, English, Environmental Technology, French, Hindi, History, Mathematics, Philosophy, Physical Education, Physics, Politics and International Studies, Sanskrit, Social Exclusion and Inclusive Policies, Social work, Sociology, Tamil, Tamil (Modern Literature), Tamil (Religious Literature), Women’s studies

Doctoral Programmes (University departments): Anthropology, Applied Psychology, Asian Christian Studies, Banking Technology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Biotechnology, Chemistry, Coastal Disaster Management, Commerce, Computer Science and Engineering, Drama and Theatre Arts, Earth Sciences, Ecology and Environmental Science, Economics, Education, Electronic Media, English, Environmental Technology, Food Science and Nutrition, Food Science and Technology, French, Green energy Technology, Hindi, History, International Business, Library and Information Sciences, Management, Marine Biology (at Port Blair, Andamans), Mass Communication, Mathematics, Nano Science and Technology, Philosophy, Physical Education and Sports, Physics, Politics and International Studies, Sanskrit, Social Exclusion and Inclusive Policies, Social Work, Sociology, South Asian Studies, Southern Asia Studies, Statistics, Tamil, Tourism, Women’s Studies

Vector Control Research, Puducherry (affiliated/recognized institutions): Chemistry, Epidemiology, Zoology

Candidates with/without fellowships, candidates employed in research projects and permanent employees involved in research at VCRC are eligible

Regional medical research centre, Port Blair, Andamans: Entomology, Microbiology

Kanchi Mamunivar Centre for Post Graduate studies, Puducherry: Botany, Chemistry, Commerce, English, Physics, Tamil, Zoology (admissions restricted to Puducherry residents only)

Pondicherry Engineering College, Puducherry: Chemistry, Civil Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Mathematics, Mechanical Engineering, Physics

Dr Ambedkar Government Law College, Puducherry: Law

French Institute of Pondicherry: Indology, Ecology, Geomatics

Zoological Survey of India, Port Blair, Andamanas: Taxonomy, Ecology, Zoogeography

Bharathidasan Govt College for Women: Home Science (first preference to the residents of Puducherry)

Frontier Life Line Hospital: Biochemical Pharmacology, Biotechnology, Cardiovascular Biology, Clinical Biochemistry, Toxicology, Green Energy Technology, Microbiology, Nano Science and Technology

M.Sc Programmes in Basic Clinical Sciences at affiliated Medical Colleges

Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences

Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital

Sri Venkateswaraa Medical College and Hospital and Research Centre

Anatomy, Physiology, Medical Biochemistry, Medical Microbiology, Medical Pharmacology

Scholarships: All the full time scholars admitted to the M.Phil and Ph.D programmes of the university will be eligible for a monthly fellowship of Rs 3000/- and Rs 5000/- respectively along with contingencies

Scholarships are also available to all students of the M.Sc Marine Biology, Coastal Disaster Management (Port Blair), M.Sc Computational Biology and M.Sc five year Integrated programmes

In addition, merit scholarships, merit cum means scholarship and freeships are available to deserving students of PG Degree programmes

Madanjeet Singh Scholarships are available for South Asian Studies students and Green Energy Technology programmes

How to apply

On-line: Application form can be submitted online through the university website www.pondiuni.edu.in, send the hard copy of application (in A4 size) along with the original bank challan for the prescribed fee to the deputy registrar (academic II)

By post: For application form by post with course name to the deputy registrar (academic II) Pondicherry University, RV Nagar, Kalapet, Puducherry-605014, along with a self addressed envelope of size 32 cm x 25 cm, stamped for Rs 90/-, request for application must be super scribed on the envelope request for application form for admission (course name)

In person: The application form can also be obtained from the Pondicherry University staff co-operative credit society at the university campus on payment of the cost of the application form plus Rs 10/- as service charge

Application fee for all courses Rs 100/- (Rs 50/- for SC/ST, exempted for physically and visually challenged candidates-supported with relevant certificates). Use separate applications for each programme

Mode of payment: Application fee may be credited at Pondicherry University account in any of the following banks all over India under core banking system (challan to be downloaded from the website)

Any of the branches of Indian Bank with instruction to credit it to account number 413264148 along with challan number;

Any of the branches of Punjab National Bank with instruction to credit it to account number 2928002101803790 along with challan number;

Any of the branches of state bank of India with instruction to credit to account number 10831176952 along with challan number;

Any of the branches of Axis bank with instruction to credit it to account number 209010100047931 along with challan number;

Any of the branches of state bank of Mysore (branch code 40608) with instruction to credit it to account number 54010070598 along with challan number

Selection process: Selection will be based on entrance examination

Reservation: Reservation for OBC/SC/ST, differently abled and Puducherry students will be applicable to the extent indicated in the prospectus

Examination centres: Allahabad, Bangalore, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Chandigarh, Chennai, Coimbatore, Goa, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Jalandhar, Jammu, Karaikal, Kochi, Kolkata, Kozhikode, Lucknow, Madurai, Mangalore, Mumbai, Mysore, New Delhi, Patna, Port Blair (Andamans), Puducherry, Pune, Ranchi, Shillong, Srinagar, Thiruvananthapuram, Tiruchirappalli, Vijayawada, Visakhapatnam

Fully free education for all differently abled students from this academic year

Important dates

Issue of application form: 07th March, 2011

Last date for issue of application form by post: 06th April, 2011

Last date for issue of application form in person: 08th April, 2011

Last date for submission of filled in application form: 08th April, 2011

Date of entrance examination: 28th-29th May, 2011

Importance of Forensic Science Courses

2011-02-19T00:34:00.000-08:00

Forensic sciences or forensics is the application of various scientific methods and principles to investigate criminal and civil actions which are of interest to the legal systems. All the clues collected from a crime scene are analyzed by forensic scientists in a crime laboratory and are converted into evidences worth producing in legal courts. Physical evidences may include body fluids like blood and saliva, hair, impressions of types and shoes, finger prints and foot prints are also valuable evidences. In civil cases such as proving the validity of a signature, forensic sciences can be applied. The forensic scientists work in close quarter with the police to provide information in solving a case. There are a number of institutes that offer forensic science courses in India.

There are various subdivisions of forensic sciences, they are:

Forensic archeology
Forensic biology
Forensic economics
Forensic engineering
Forensic epistemology
Forensic linguistics
Forensic psychology
Forensic serology
Forensic anthropology
Forensic computing or digital forensics

Qualifications
For pursuing a post graduation in Forensic Sciences one has to have a B.A or B.S.C degree preferably securing a first division. Students with a science background are preferred.

An MBBS degree along with a specialization in forensic sciences is required for one to perform post-mortem on dead bodies. Research work can also be done by students of forensic sciences who have secured 60% marks in post graduation.

Benefits
Some institutes which offer courses in forensic sciences are

Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Narayan National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science, Delhi
Dr.Harisingh Gour Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gour Nagar, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh - 470 003
Forensic Sciences Department, "Forensic House", 30-A, Kamarajar Salai, Mylapore, Chennai 600004
University of Delhi, Delhi 110007
Anna University, Chennai 600025
Institute of Criminology & Forensic Science, 4-E Jhandewalan Extn, Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi 110056
University of Lucknow, Badshah Bagh, Lucknow- 226007
Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Hyderabad, CFIs Complex, Ramanathapur, Hyderabad 500013
Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Chandigarh, CFIs Complex, Sector 36A, Chandigarh 160036
Central Forensic Laboratory, Kolkata, CFIs Complex, 30 Gorachand Road, Kolkata 700014

Modern crime detection methods are helping the police to crack cases which were unsolvable even a few decades ago. Forensic sciences are playing a huge role in helping the law and government establishments in solving cases involving victims whose mutilated bodies have almost been decomposed. White collar crimes are also being solved by forensic scientists. For students of younger generation with adventurous spirits forensic sciences are producing opportunities galore.

Scope in India
The main employment generating areas of students of forensic sciences is the police force, law enforcing agencies, legal systems and both government and private investigative offices. Specialization in various branches of forensic sciences like forensic anthropology, forensic archeology, forensic serology, provides a candidate with a job in their fields of specialization.

Scopes Abroad
There are enough scopes for career growth even in foreign countries. Medical examiner, crime laboratory analyst, crime scene examiner, forensic engineer are the job prospects abroad. Forensic scientists also work for making psychological profiles of offenders by analyzing the crime scene and the crimes committed.

AUCET Biochemistry Old papers Download

2011-01-03T17:36:00.001-08:00

Andhra University Common Entrance Test (AUCET) is conducting by Andhra University to admit students in various branches for post graduation studies. Since 2009, the AUCET is changed AURPGCET (Andhra University Region Post Graduate Common Entrance Test).

Here we are providing few Biochemistry Previous Papers, Just Download and make a copy & prepare well.

S.No.	Year of Paper	Link
1	Biochemistry 2002	DOWNLOAD
2	Biochemistry 2003	DOWNLOAD
3	Biochemistry 2004	DOWNLOAD
4	Biochemistry 2005	DOWNLOAD
5	Biochemistry 2006	DOWNLOAD
6	Biochemistry 2007	DOWNLOAD
7	Biochemistry 2008	DOWNLOAD
8	Biochemistry 2009	DOWNLOAD

For more Previous Papers please visit this

CSIR NET Life sciences Previous papers (Based on Memory)

(December 2004 to December 2010)

GATE XL Previous Papers

(2001 to 2009)

Lecture video on NUCLEIC ACIDS - 1

2010-04-26T07:43:00.000-07:00

Lecture Series on BioChemistry I by Prof.S.Dasgupta, Dept of Chemistry, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEl visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in

Few Important Animations

2010-04-10T04:03:00.000-07:00

Andhra University M.Phil./Ph.D. RESEARCH ADMISSIONS - 2010

2010-03-30T06:21:00.001-07:00

M.Phil./Ph.D. RESEARCH ADMISSIONS – 2010

DOWNLOAD the details

M.Phil./Ph.D. RESEARCH ADMISSIONS NOTIFICATION - 2010

RESEARCH COMMON ENTRANCE TEST AURCET-2010 (BROCHURE)

APPLICATION FORM FOR FULL-TIME M.PHIL./Ph.D. RESEARCH ADMISSION

APPLICATION FORM FOR PART-TIME M.PHIL./Ph.D. RESEARCH ADMISSION

Hall Ticket for Full Time AURCET - 2010

AURCET - 2010 *Syllabus*

JNU Jaipur BSc/MSc/PhD Life Sciences Admissions 2010@Biochemistryden/ Biotech, Bioinformatics, Microbiology, Biochemistry

2010-03-29T05:40:00.001-07:00

JAIPUR NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
Jaipur-Agra Byepass
Jagatpura
Jaipur-302025

SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCE ADMISSIONS-2010

Applications are invited for admission to the following courses in Life Sciences:

S.No. - Course - Course Duration - Eligibility

i B.Sc. Pass Course (PCB + PCM) 3 Yrs. 10 + 2 in any stream of Science with minimum 50% (Maths / Biology ) i

i BSc Biotechnology (Integrated) 3 Yrs.

iii B.Sc. - MBA (Dual Degree) 4½ Yrs.

iv BSc-M.Sc. Integrated Biotechnology 3 + 2 Yrs.

v BSc-M.Sc. Integrated Microbial Technology 3 + 2 Yrs.

vi BSc-M.Sc. Integrated Bioinformatics 3 + 2 Yrs.

vii MSc Biotechnology 2 Yrs Minimum 55% aggregate in Graduation from any stream of Life Sciences

viii MSc Microbiology 2 Yrs

ix MSc Biochemistry 2 Yrs

x MSc Bioinformatics 2 Yrs

xi MSc + MBA (Dual Degree) 3½ Yrs.

xii MSc Biotechnology (Integrated) 2 Yrs Minimum 55% aggregate in B.Sc. Integrated Biotechnology or Honours Biotechnology

xiii Advanced PG Diploma in Clinical Research Management (Full-time) 1 Yr. Graduation or Postgraduation in Life Sciences / Microbiology / Biotechnology / Pharmacy / Medicine / Nursing / Physiotherapy / Dentistry / Homeopathy / Ayurvedic / Veterinary Science

xiv PG Diploma in Clinical Research (Part-time) 1 Yr.

xv MPhil in Life Sciences 1 Yr. Minimum 55% aggregate in Post Graduation from any stream of Life Sciences

xvi PhD in Life Sciences (Biotechnology/Microbiology/ Biochemistry Minimum 2 Yrs. Minimum 55% aggregate in Post Graduation from any stream of Life Sciences (preference will be given to M.Sc. in Biotechnology/Microbiology/Biochemistry/Life Sciences / Biosciences)

For admissions in Ph. D. programme, new guidelines of UGC will be followed.

The Application forms can be downloaded from http://jnujaipur.ac.in/index/

Last Date for Submission of Application Form: 30 APRIL 2010

APPLY ONLINE

Download Application form

Download Brochure

Mode of Admission

Ph: 0141-2753377, 9828119573 Fax: 2752418 E-mail: info@jnujaipur.ac.in, hareshmicrobiology@gmail.com

Request from JNU Jaipur

ICMR JRF 2010 | Fellowships for MSc Life Sciences

2010-03-26T07:23:00.000-07:00

Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
Ramalingaswami Bhawan, Ansari Nagar,
Post Box 4911, New Delhi-110029

Notification for ICMR's JRF - 2010

ICMR JRF Examination is the first step in the process of admission to the PhD/Research Programme through council's support. Test for ICMR JRF fellowship are conducted at the seven centres viz. Chandigarh, Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Guwahati and Mumbai once a year. The award of JRF is made on merit basis by holding an entrance examination after issuing a countrywide admission notice. The admission notice is published in leading English Newspapers of India usually during March/April and also on the website. The entrance examination is usually held in the first/second week of July.

ICMR holds a national level examination for determining the eligibility of Indian National candidates for the award of Junior Research Fellowships (JRF) through Indian Council of Medical Research. The award of Junior Research Fellowship to the successful eligible candidates will depend on their finding placement in a medical college / hospital / university / national laboratory / institution of higher learning and research as applicable.

I. A total of 150 ICMR JRF Fellowships would be awarded. 120 JRF Fellowships would be awarded for work in the field of biomedical sciences with emphasis on Life Sciences (like microbiology, physiology, molecular biology, genetics, human biology, bioinformatics, biotechnology, biochemistry, biophysics, immunology, Pharmacology, zoology, Environment Science, botany, veterinary sciences, bio-informatics etc.). Thirty JRF Fellowships would be awarded for work with emphasis on Social sciences like psychology, sociology, home science, statistics, anthropology, social work and Health Economics.

(I-i) Two separate merit lists, one comprising the candidates qualifying for life sciences and the second for those candidates qualifying for social sciences, will be made on the basis of their performance in the above test.
(I-ii) The candidates selected for the JRF programme of ICMR would be permitted to enroll themselves for the Ph.D. programme of any University recognised by the UGC/MCI. However, the JRF programme would not have any connection with the Ph.D. programme. The validity of fellowship awarded to a candidate will be six months.

II. Another 100 candidates would be selected for consideration for positions of JRF under various research schemes of ICMR (subject to fulfilling the conditions for appointment under the schemes) for the duration of that scheme. These JRFs would also be permitted to complete Ph.D. while working in the scheme, if enrolled. The validity of result will be two years for placement in ICMR funded projects.

III. SC/ST/OBC/Physically Handicapped (PH) applicants will be given such special consideration as per policy guidelines.

Candidates qualifying for the award of JRF will receive fellowship from ICMR.

IV Duration and Emoluments for ICMR JRF 2010:

a. The existing value of the fellowship is at present Rs. 12000/- (Rupees Twelve thousand only) Per month. It will be revised from time to time as decided by the ICMR.
b. The duration of fellowship will initially be limited till three years carrying a monthly stipend of Rs. 12000/- and an annual contingency grant up to Rs. 20,000/- per annum. The progress of research work would be evaluated annually through annual progress reports. On completion of two years as JRF the stipend of a fellow may be increased to Rs. 14,000/- p.m. for 3rd year on the basis of assessment of candidate's research progress / achievements. Upon such a recommendation, the fellow will be called SRF. In the event of the Committee not recommending upgradation, the fellow will continue as JRF with a stipend of Rs. 12000/- per month for the 3rd year or his/her fellowship may be terminated depending on the decision of the Committee. The duration as SRF may be for a maximum duration of 3 years. Thus, the total tenure as JRF plus SRF shall not exceed 5 (five) years.

V The successful candidates would be notified by post and notice published in Employment Newspaper. The list also would be available on the ICMR website.

Joining time: Selected candidates must join their respective course on the prescribed date as indicated in their admission letter. The selection of those who fail to join by the specified date shall automatically stand cancelled.

Procedure for applying for ICMR JRF 2010

Before applying, candidates are advised to go through the admission notice published in the advertisement in various Newspapers and the instructions given therein carefully. Fill in the application form according to the instructions given in this prospectus and the admission notice. Incomplete applications will not be considered and no correspondence will be entertained.

Educational Qualification for ICMR JRF 2010:

M.Sc./M.A. or equivalent degree with minimum 55% marks for General/OBC Candidates and 50% for the SC/ST & physically handicapped candidates in the subjects mentioned under the head method of selection.

Age Limit

The age limit for admission to the eligibility test is 28 years (upper age limit relaxable upto 5 years in case of candidates belonging to SC/ST, physically handicapped (PH) and female candidates, 3 years in the case of OBC category.

Syllabus:

As prescribed by UGC.

Method of selection

Scheme of Test

The test will consist of one paper of 2 hours duration. The paper will consist of 2 Sections. The Aptitude Section (Section A) will have 50 questions on (i) scientific phenomenon in everyday life; (ii) general knowledge in sciences; and (iii) common statistics. All these questions would be compulsory with each question carrying 1 mark. The subject Specific Section (Section B & C) would pertain to (B) Life Sciences and (C) Social Science. The candidate may attempt questions in either of the two areas. Each area of section B & C would have 100 questions and the candidate may attempt any 75 questions in the predesigned area of Section B or C. Candidates are required to indicate the option for Section B or C in the application form too.

Each question carries one mark. Negative marking @ 0.25 will be made for each of the wrong answer. The questions in both the sections would appear in English only.

The final result will be based on aggregate of 55 % marks obtained in both the sections for General category and OBC and 50% for SC/ST and physically handicapped.

The test will be held in the following streams: (1) Aptitude test (common for all) (2) Life Sciences (3) Social Sciences. Subjects covered under Life Sciences include microbiology, physiology, molecular biology, genetics, human nutrition, human biology, biotechnology, biochemistry, biophysics, immunology, pharmacology, zoology, environmental sciences, botany, veterinary science and bio-informatics. Subjects covered under Social Sciences include psychology, sociology, home sciences, statistics, anthropology, social work and health economics..

Monitoring Mechanism: The fellow shall submit annual reports for 1^st year and annual report thereafter as per the prescribed standard proforma. The first annual report should be submitted after 10 months from the date of commencement of the fellowship (through the Guide along with his appraisal) giving complete factual details of the research work done. Subsequent annual reports as per the standard proforma should be submitted through the Guide two months before completion of the fellowship year

Advertisement for ICMR JRF 2010 | JRF Fellowships for MSc Life Sciences

See this notification also

What is the syllabus of CSIR UGCNET life science syllabus?

2010-03-26T06:15:00.000-07:00

CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test (NET) for

Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) and Lecturer-ship (LS)

SYLLABUS FOR LIFE SCIENCES

Just DOWNLOAD YOUR COPY with reference books in the syllabus

Download:CSIR UGC NET life science previouspaper Dec2008

2010-03-26T05:59:00.000-07:00

CSIR UGC NET life science previous paper Dec2008

DOWNLOAD ur copy

Liver is an important organ in the human body

2010-03-23T07:59:00.000-07:00

The liver is an important organ in the human body. Aside from creating functional molecules and chemicals for the body, it also removes compounds that could possibly poison other organs. Understanding the liver's functions will help prevent liver ailments by learning how to eat better to protect the liver and avoid disease

The Facts
The liver is the biggest organ in the human body. It is found in the right upper section of the abdomen and extends to the top of the diaphragm. The top part is beneath the right lung, the left end is under the heart, the left bottom side is above the stomach, and the right bottom side is above the gall bladder and right kidney and is protected by the right rib cage. Its color is reddish brown and it has a smooth texture. It has four lobes. The liver is larger when the human body is in its infancy stage and reduces in size as the body grows older. It weighs in at 1.2 to 1.5 kg in the female body and 1.3 to 1.6 kg in the male body.

Function:
The liver's function in the human body is to help break down and distribute nutrients in food. Medicine and alcohol are also processed by the liver so that toxins can be removed. The liver produces many chemical compounds that help in various bodily functions, some of which are to help blood to clot, maintain the glucose level in blood by breaking down and transforming glucose into glycogen, and regulating levels of amino acids, the building blocks of protein.

Significance:
The human body cannot function without the liver since it is responsible for many of the processes that the body needs to survive. One major function of the liver is to treat everything that is ingested and produced by the body and turn it into useful chemicals that aid other organs in maintaining the human body's functions. Byproducts that are not needed by the body are turned into waste and excreted.

Considerations
Medications and alcohol have a strong effect on the liver's health. A perfectly functioning liver means that all the organs in the human body will operate just as well. Alcohol abuse and prolonged intake of certain medications change the liver's metabolism and will affect its functions, possibly leading to liver diseases like cirrhosis, hepatitis, liver cancer or Wilson's disease.

Prevention
Drink plenty of fresh water throughout the day to help the liver do its job. Add more fruits and vegetables to your diet and give your liver a rest from red meats and processed food. Eat only fresh food and avoid food that has been reheated more than once. The liver weeds out any bacteria ingested through food intake, and too much harmful bacteria may cause liver damage. Avoid excessive intake of alcohol or avoid it altogether to prevent damage to the liver.

DOWNLOAD your copy

DOWNLOAD your copy

Some Useful Downloads for CSIR-UGC-NET preparing students

2010-03-18T03:12:00.001-07:00

· IIT JAM Previous Year Papers

· CSIR NET JRF Paper -2 Sample Question Paper (PDF format, 85 kb)

· IISc Entrance 2006 Question paper

· IISc Entrance 2008 Question Paper

· Download DBT JRF: Tips and tricks, how to prepare- class recording(16.39 MB, .exe format, requires adobe flash player)

· Download DBT JRF: Tips and Tricks, How to prepare Powerpoint(2.85 MB, PDF format)

· Download GATE Tips n Tricks eBook - Part 1

· CSIR NET JRF Subjective question Paper

· Special Class by Shikha Sinha: Part 2- 22nd march 2009

· Special Online Class on Molecular Biology Tools and Techniques - Class Recording - Conducted by Mrs Shikha Sinha for CSIR NET JRF Students ( 21.6 MB)

· GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS ( GMOs) & ENVIRONMENT

· CANCER TREATMENT BY HUMANIZED ANTIBODY

source: biotecnika.org

Check your Life Science knowledge with this Test in CSIR-UGC-NET

2010-03-18T03:05:00.001-07:00

Just Click “Click Here” link and give ur name & Email ID. this test help by biotecnika.org

Test 1
Generalised full syllabus test on all india basis
Click Here

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Test 2
Generalised full syllabus test on all india Basis
Click Here

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Test 3
Cell organisation,Chromosomes,DNA-structure and replication,Evolution, RDT and genetic engineering

Click Here

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Test 4

Proteins-
- structure,
- classification &
- properties,
Carbohydrates,
Fat metabolism,
Nitrogen metabolism
Vitamins

Click Here

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Test 5

Enzymes,Coenzymes (Activators,Inhibitors)
Thermodynamics
Enzyme Kinetics
Enzyme activity regulation
pH (H.H Equation)

Click Here

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Test 6

Nucleic Acid Structure
Genetic code
DNA Repair
DNA replication
Transcription
Translation

Click Here

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Test 7

Cell division
cell organelle
- structure
- Function
Cell cell Interaction
Structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell

Click Here

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Test 8

Bioenergetics,
glycolysis,
oxidative phosphorylation,
coupled reaction,
group transfer,
biological energy transducers

Click Here

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Test 9

Amino Acid Metabolism
Cordinated control of metabolism
Biosynthesis of Purines & Pyrimidines
Oxidation of Lipids
Biosynthesis of Fatty acid, Triglyceride, Phospholipid and Sterol.

Click Here

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Test 10
Cancer: Genetic rearrangements in progenitor cells, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cancer and the cell cycle, virus-induced cancer, metastasis, interaction of cancer cells with normal cells, apoptosis, therapeutic interventions of uncontrolled cell growth.
Click Here

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Test 11
COMMON ELEMENTRY COMPUTER SCIENCE: dealing with basic computer awareness and uses
Click Here

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Test 12

Principals and applications of Gel Filtration
Ion Exchange and affinity Chromatography
Thin layer and Gas chromatography
HPLC
Principals and applicationsNucleic Acid Hybridization and cot curve
Sequencieng of Proteins and nucleic acid
Southern, South-western, northern blotting
PCR

Click here

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ALL THE BEST

Source: biotecnika.org/net-jrf-coaching

How do NADP+ and NADPH differ from NAD+ and NADH?

2010-03-16T07:34:00.001-07:00

These pairs of molecules are identical except for the presence of a phosphate group at the 2′ position on the ribose moiety. This is not a high-energy phosphate but rather a molecular tag that enables enzymes to discriminate between the two forms of redox compound. In higher animals there do not appear to be any NADH transferase enzymes that catalyze direct transfer of hydrogen atoms from NADH to NADP+ or from NADPH to NAD+.

NADH and NADPH are equivalent in terms of their standard redox potentials, but because redox enzymes are usuallyselective for one or the other of them, two distinct pools of reductants exist. NADH is used as a source of reducing equivalents for the electron transport chain (ETC) while NADPH provides reducing equivalents for many biosyntheticreactions. Hence, even within a single spatial compartment such as the cytoplasm, the NADH to NAD+ ratio can be very low, favoring oxidation of fuels, while simultaneously the NADPH to NADP+ ratio can be very high, facilitating biosynthesis.

Schaum's Outline of Immunology

2010-03-16T07:28:00.001-07:00

Based on material from 400-600 level Immunology courses, this concise and thorough review of modern concepts in molecular, cellular, and systemic immunology contains over two hundred detailed problems with step-by-step solutions. Taking a problem-solving approach, Schaum's Outline of Immunology is an excellent supplement to any systematic textbook of modern immunology, focusing on the basic tenets of immunology as applied to the dynamics of immune responses and their outcomes, and is perfect for pre-med students who need help in their required immunology courses, as well asfor medical and veterinary students who want to update their knowledge

Biochemistry Den

Study Materials: Biological Oxidation by Satish @Biochemistry den

Study Materials: DNA Replication Full by Satish@Biochemistry Den

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CSIR UGC NET Life Science December 2011 Exam Key

CSIR UGC NET Life science Dec 2011 Exam Paper & key

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An Introduction to Genetic Analysis by Griffith (8th Edition) ebook

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Periodic table gains two elements

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Very good Biochemistry book is here for Review

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NOTIFICATION

THROUGH ENTRANCE TEST:

Andhra University :

Adi Kavi Nannayya University

Dr.B.R. Ambedkar University

WITHOUT ENTRANCE TEST

ANDRHA UNIVERSITY

IMPORTANT DATES

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The Mechanism of the RuBP Carboxylase Reaction

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Liver is an important organ in the human body

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Check your Life Science knowledge with this Test in CSIR-UGC-NET

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